{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2049918510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-012-1140-3","title":"Adaptive selection of heuristics for improving exam timetables","display_name":"Adaptive selection of heuristics for improving exam timetables","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2049918510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-012-1140-3","mag":"2049918510"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10479-012-1140-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-012-1140-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57667410","display_name":"Annals of Operations Research","issn_l":"0254-5330","issn":["0254-5330","1572-9338"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Operations Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28276/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004567468","display_name":"Edmund Burke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0712-4762"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I876450715","display_name":"Sterling College - Kansas","ror":"https://ror.org/02rey2c02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I876450715"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edmund K. Burke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Sterling, Sterling, FK9 4LA, UK","University of Sterling"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing Science and Mathematics, University of Sterling, Sterling, FK9 4LA, UK","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Sterling","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I876450715"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063920690","display_name":"Rong Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8318-7509"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK","University of Nottingham"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nottingham","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091838617","display_name":"Amr Soghier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Amr Soghier","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK","University of Nottingham"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Nottingham","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091838617"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":8.9489,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98177426,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"218","issue":"1","first_page":"129","last_page":"145"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12401","display_name":"Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12401","display_name":"Scheduling and Timetabling Solutions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11064","display_name":"Antiplatelet Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases","score":0.928600013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.8321686387062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.7171908617019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6908294558525085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6599911451339722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyper-heuristic","display_name":"Hyper-heuristic","score":0.5707853436470032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generality","display_name":"Generality","score":0.5247859358787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4676496684551239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.329270601272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2884747385978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2304512858390808}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.8321686387062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.7171908617019653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6908294558525085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6599911451339722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117270229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5957539","display_name":"Hyper-heuristic","level":5,"score":0.5707853436470032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780767217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532421","display_name":"Generality","level":2,"score":0.5247859358787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4676496684551239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.329270601272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2884747385978699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2304512858390808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188888258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353390","display_name":"Robot learning","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10479-012-1140-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-012-1140-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S57667410","display_name":"Annals of Operations Research","issn_l":"0254-5330","issn":["0254-5330","1572-9338"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annals of Operations Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.298.7292","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.298.7292","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~rxq/files/AOR12.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:annopr:v:218:y:2014:i:1:p:129-145:10.1007/s10479-012-1140-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1007/s10479-012-1140-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.stir.ac.uk:1893/15720","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1893/15720","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400268","display_name":"Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I12093191","host_organization_name":"University of Stirling","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12093191"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:28276","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28276/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nottingham-repository.worktribe.com:994948","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/994948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402483","display_name":"Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:28276","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28276/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5147293183","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/D061571/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26772505","https://openalex.org/W207226807","https://openalex.org/W1485805356","https://openalex.org/W1589105414","https://openalex.org/W1601464705","https://openalex.org/W1668207500","https://openalex.org/W1828541999","https://openalex.org/W1966942146","https://openalex.org/W1983052335","https://openalex.org/W1983380249","https://openalex.org/W1995123252","https://openalex.org/W2011653811","https://openalex.org/W2014856631","https://openalex.org/W2028379670","https://openalex.org/W2031012845","https://openalex.org/W2086726443","https://openalex.org/W2092856865","https://openalex.org/W2097428991","https://openalex.org/W2109916763","https://openalex.org/W2135474087","https://openalex.org/W2169669128","https://openalex.org/W2306270565","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2911744852","https://openalex.org/W4232503650","https://openalex.org/W4239060922","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6601559961","https://openalex.org/W6657662861"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3177062893","https://openalex.org/W3125143773","https://openalex.org/W803550684","https://openalex.org/W2007032764","https://openalex.org/W2483226803","https://openalex.org/W4249772630","https://openalex.org/W3143937874","https://openalex.org/W2067280619","https://openalex.org/W4251343851","https://openalex.org/W2526745971"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,17,29,69,92,121],"hyper-heuristic":[4,71,223],"approach":[5,200,228],"which":[6,15,40],"hybridises":[7],"low-level":[8,225],"heuristic":[9,46,77,81,87,144,188],"moves":[10,47,88],"to":[11,27,49,83,89,125,177,184,196,218,231,242],"improve":[12,54],"timetables.":[13],"Exams":[14],"cause":[16],"soft-constraint":[18],"violation":[19],"in":[20,39,68,91,136,154,181],"the":[21,37,45,51,55,58,61,73,85,100,114,128,140,155,161,167,178,186,191,197,204,208,213,235,243,246],"timetable":[22,56],"are":[23,42,146,158,163,171,194],"ordered":[24],"and":[25,44,53,78,105,132,148,207,239],"rescheduled":[26,43],"produce":[28,113],"better":[30],"timetable.":[31],"It":[32],"is":[33,123,201],"observed":[34],"that":[35,98],"both":[36],"order":[38],"exams":[41,52,101],"used":[48],"reschedule":[50],"affect":[57],"quality":[59],"of":[60,212,245],"solution":[62],"produced.":[63],"After":[64],"testing":[65],"different":[66,237],"combinations":[67],"hybrid":[70],"approach,":[72],"Kempe":[74,129],"chain":[75,130],"move":[76,131],"time-slot":[79],"swapping":[80,134],"proved":[82],"be":[84],"best":[86,115,156,187],"use":[90],"hybridisation.":[93],"Similarly,":[94],"it":[95],"was":[96,229],"shown":[97],"ordering":[99],"using":[102,109],"Saturation":[103],"Degree":[104,112],"breaking":[106],"any":[107],"ties":[108],"Largest":[110],"Weighted":[111],"results.":[116],"Based":[117],"on":[118,203],"these":[119],"observations,":[120],"methodology":[122],"developed":[124],"adaptively":[126],"hybridise":[127],"timeslot":[133],"heuristics":[135,152,176,227],"two":[137,236],"stages.":[138],"In":[139,166],"first":[141],"stage,":[142,169],"random":[143],"sequences":[145,157,170,193],"generated":[147,172,192],"automatically":[149],"analysed.":[150],"The":[151,199,222],"repeated":[153],"fixed":[159],"while":[160],"rest":[162],"kept":[164],"empty.":[165],"second":[168,214],"by":[173],"randomly":[174],"assigning":[175],"empty":[179],"positions":[180],"an":[182],"attempt":[183],"find":[185],"sequence.":[189],"Finally,":[190],"applied":[195],"problem.":[198],"tested":[202],"Toronto":[205],"benchmark":[206],"exam":[209],"timetabling":[210],"track":[211],"International":[215],"Timetabling":[216],"Competition,":[217],"evaluate":[219],"its":[220],"generality.":[221],"with":[224],"improvement":[226],"found":[230],"generalise":[232],"well":[233],"over":[234],"datasets":[238],"performed":[240],"comparably":[241],"state":[244],"art":[247],"approaches.":[248]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}