{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155823813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-026-11556-z","title":"Automatic radiology report generation: a systematic review of emerging AI architectures and multimodal\u00a0technologies","display_name":"Automatic radiology report generation: a systematic review of emerging AI architectures and multimodal\u00a0technologies","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155823813","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-026-11556-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-026-11556-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-026-11556-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-026-11556-z","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115840223","display_name":"Moustapha Boubacar Hamma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132968","display_name":"Agence pour le D\u00e9veloppement et la R\u00e9habilitation de la Ville de F\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/043jwkg64","country_code":"MA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132968"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Moustapha Boubacar Hamma","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIASSE Lab, ENSA/USMBA, Fez, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3914-4944","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIASSE Lab, ENSA/USMBA, Fez, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132968"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057854788","display_name":"Zakariae Alami Merrouni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-6160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132968","display_name":"Agence pour le D\u00e9veloppement et la R\u00e9habilitation de la Ville de F\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/043jwkg64","country_code":"MA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132968"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zakariae Alami Merrouni","raw_affiliation_strings":["ERESS Lab, FMPDF/USMBA, Fez, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-6160","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ERESS Lab, FMPDF/USMBA, Fez, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132968"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015335959","display_name":"Bouchra Frikh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9711-0841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132968","display_name":"Agence pour le D\u00e9veloppement et la R\u00e9habilitation de la Ville de F\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/043jwkg64","country_code":"MA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132968"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bouchra Frikh","raw_affiliation_strings":["LIASSE Lab, ENSA/USMBA, Fez, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9711-0841","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LIASSE Lab, ENSA/USMBA, Fez, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132968"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035878397","display_name":"Brahim Ouhbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6340-5617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142313","display_name":"\u00c9cole Nationale d'Agriculture de Mekn\u00e8s","ror":"https://ror.org/051hckb40","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142313"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153608","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 Moulay Ismail de Meknes","ror":"https://ror.org/04cnscd67","country_code":"MA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153608"]}],"countries":["MA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brahim Ouhbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["LM2I Lab, ENSAM/UMI Meknes, Meknes, Morocco"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6340-5617","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LM2I Lab, ENSAM/UMI Meknes, Meknes, Morocco","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153608","https://openalex.org/I4210142313"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115840223"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132968"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61604726,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"8","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.28360000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11894","display_name":"Radiology practices and education","score":0.28360000252723694,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.21860000491142273,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.16750000417232513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workflow","display_name":"Workflow","score":0.7418000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5012999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4715999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4553999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.40610000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.3831999897956848}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7991999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177212765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627335","display_name":"Workflow","level":2,"score":0.7418000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5770000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5461999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5160999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5012999773025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4839000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4715999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4553999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.40610000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.3675999939441681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194051981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1337691","display_name":"Economic shortage","level":3,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780910867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952416","display_name":"Multimodality","level":2,"score":0.32280001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.32010000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.29919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157170001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4781507","display_name":"Applications of artificial intelligence","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777062904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545406","display_name":"Toolchain","level":3,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-026-11556-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-026-11556-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-026-11556-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-026-11556-z","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6903834939002991,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":83,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1548445631","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2152772232","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2302255633","https://openalex.org/W2506483933","https://openalex.org/W2611650229","https://openalex.org/W2735683533","https://openalex.org/W2770165365","https://openalex.org/W2890888035","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2903721568","https://openalex.org/W2904711804","https://openalex.org/W2912664121","https://openalex.org/W2929309437","https://openalex.org/W2936695845","https://openalex.org/W2949650786","https://openalex.org/W2950178297","https://openalex.org/W2950489286","https://openalex.org/W2957184985","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963466845","https://openalex.org/W2980483218","https://openalex.org/W3024545783","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3090105394","https://openalex.org/W3093896805","https://openalex.org/W3094502228","https://openalex.org/W3114128166","https://openalex.org/W3122587411","https://openalex.org/W3130502265","https://openalex.org/W3146366485","https://openalex.org/W3151410070","https://openalex.org/W3200579823","https://openalex.org/W3212604410","https://openalex.org/W4225323055","https://openalex.org/W4285181891","https://openalex.org/W4287207836","https://openalex.org/W4293479414","https://openalex.org/W4300485340","https://openalex.org/W4313439128","https://openalex.org/W4320458302","https://openalex.org/W4327919044","https://openalex.org/W4377138810","https://openalex.org/W4379259189","https://openalex.org/W4385215070","https://openalex.org/W4385328225","https://openalex.org/W4385546024","https://openalex.org/W4385573131","https://openalex.org/W4386076127","https://openalex.org/W4386600628","https://openalex.org/W4386757338","https://openalex.org/W4388922729","https://openalex.org/W4389072945","https://openalex.org/W4391319585","https://openalex.org/W4391642357","https://openalex.org/W4391815000","https://openalex.org/W4392142061","https://openalex.org/W4398157498","https://openalex.org/W4398230363","https://openalex.org/W4401730441","https://openalex.org/W4401971190","https://openalex.org/W4402262858","https://openalex.org/W4402339236","https://openalex.org/W4402853403","https://openalex.org/W4403088661","https://openalex.org/W4403579125","https://openalex.org/W4404409325","https://openalex.org/W4404648755","https://openalex.org/W4405354764","https://openalex.org/W4406062798","https://openalex.org/W4406072884","https://openalex.org/W4406268779","https://openalex.org/W4407410200","https://openalex.org/W4407566004","https://openalex.org/W4408364330","https://openalex.org/W4411494168","https://openalex.org/W4412431074","https://openalex.org/W4412626395","https://openalex.org/W4415106188","https://openalex.org/W7117754928","https://openalex.org/W7124160005"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Generating":[0],"radiology":[1,24],"reports":[2],"from":[3,95,194],"medical":[4],"images":[5],"is":[6],"a":[7,66,79,182],"labour-intensive":[8],"task,":[9],"exacerbated":[10],"by":[11],"the":[12,18,192],"global":[13],"shortage":[14],"of":[15,20,70,82],"radiologists":[16],"and":[17,42,54,58,76,89,114,134,143,152,166,187],"complexity":[19],"image":[21],"interpretation.":[22],"Automatic":[23],"report":[25],"generation":[26,110],"(ARRG)":[27],"has":[28],"emerged":[29],"to":[30,99,161,174,190,197],"address":[31],"this":[32,63,178],"challenge,":[33],"with":[34],"AI-driven":[35],"methods":[36],"showing":[37],"promise":[38],"in":[39,123],"accelerating":[40],"diagnosis":[41],"improving":[43],"workflow":[44],"efficiency.":[45],"While":[46],"previous":[47],"reviews":[48],"primarily":[49],"focus":[50],"on":[51],"conventional":[52],"AI":[53,112,195],"deep":[55],"learning":[56,85],"models":[57,107],"often":[59],"adopt":[60],"non-systematic":[61],"methodologies,":[62],"work":[64],"provides":[65],"systematic":[67],"PRISMA-based":[68],"review":[69,179],"51":[71],"studies":[72],"published":[73],"between":[74],"2015":[75],"2025,":[77],"offering":[78],"rigorous":[80],"synthesis":[81],"model":[83,127],"architectures,":[84],"paradigms,":[86],"data":[87],"strategies,":[88],"evaluation":[90],"metrics.":[91],"We":[92,137],"categorize":[93],"approaches":[94],"classical":[96],"CNN-RNN":[97],"frameworks":[98],"emerging":[100],"paradigms":[101],"including":[102,126],"knowledge":[103],"graphs,":[104],"large":[105],"language":[106],"(LLMs),":[108],"retrieval-augmented":[109],"(RAG),":[111],"agents,":[113],"multimodal":[115],"vision-language":[116],"models.":[117],"Our":[118],"analysis":[119],"highlights":[120],"key":[121],"challenges":[122],"clinical":[124,153,176,199],"translation,":[125],"explainability,":[128],"factual":[129],"accuracy,":[130],"generalization":[131],"across":[132],"modalities,":[133],"deployment":[135],"feasibility.":[136],"also":[138],"critically":[139],"evaluate":[140],"benchmark":[141],"datasets":[142],"performance":[144],"metrics,":[145],"identifying":[146],"inconsistencies":[147],"that":[148],"hinder":[149],"fair":[150],"comparison":[151],"adoption.":[154],"Finally,":[155],"we":[156],"propose":[157],"actionable":[158],"research":[159],"directions":[160],"advance":[162],"clinically":[163],"reliable,":[164],"explainable,":[165],"generalizable":[167],"ARRG":[168],"systems.":[169],"By":[170],"linking":[171],"technical":[172],"developments":[173],"real-world":[175],"requirements,":[177],"serves":[180],"as":[181],"forward-looking":[183],"reference":[184],"for":[185],"researchers":[186],"practitioners":[188],"aiming":[189],"bridge":[191],"gap":[193],"prototypes":[196],"trusted":[198],"tools.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T07:32:37.131356","created_date":"2026-04-28T00:00:00"}