{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7118468219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11471-9","title":"From language to action: a review of large language models as autonomous agents and tool users","display_name":"From language to action: a review of large language models as autonomous agents and tool users","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7118468219","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11471-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11471-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11471-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11471-9","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093105514","display_name":"Sadia Sultana Chowa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200606013","display_name":"Daffodil International University","ror":"https://ror.org/052t4a858","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU","BD","CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sadia Sultana Chowa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems (AAIINS) Laboratory, 1217, Dhaka, Bangladesh","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil International University, 1341, Dhaka, Bangladesh","Department of Software Systems & Cybersecurity, Monash University, 3800, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems (AAIINS) Laboratory, 1217, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil International University, 1341, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200606013"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Systems & Cybersecurity, Monash University, 3800, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119537041","display_name":"Riasad Alvi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I233772129","display_name":"Dhaka International University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nsh7a69","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I233772129"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63169043","display_name":"United International University","ror":"https://ror.org/01tqv1p28","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63169043"]}],"countries":["BD","CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riasad Alvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems (AAIINS) Laboratory, 1217, Dhaka, Bangladesh","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems (AAIINS) Laboratory, 1217, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63169043","https://openalex.org/I233772129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046997559","display_name":"S M Asif Ur Rahman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I233772129","display_name":"Dhaka International University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nsh7a69","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I233772129"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63169043","display_name":"United International University","ror":"https://ror.org/01tqv1p28","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63169043"]}],"countries":["BD","CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Subhey Sadi Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems (AAIINS) Laboratory, 1217, Dhaka, Bangladesh","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems (AAIINS) Laboratory, 1217, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63169043","https://openalex.org/I233772129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120279246","display_name":"Md Abdur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3097-8576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I233772129","display_name":"Dhaka International University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nsh7a69","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I233772129"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63169043","display_name":"United International University","ror":"https://ror.org/01tqv1p28","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63169043"]}],"countries":["BD","CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Abdur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems (AAIINS) Laboratory, 1217, Dhaka, Bangladesh","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems (AAIINS) Laboratory, 1217, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63169043","https://openalex.org/I233772129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055795711","display_name":"Mohaimenul Azam Khan Raiaan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4793-5382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I233772129","display_name":"Dhaka International University","ror":"https://ror.org/05nsh7a69","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I233772129"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210164862","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05p590m36","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63169043","display_name":"United International University","ror":"https://ror.org/01tqv1p28","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63169043"]}],"countries":["AU","BD","CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohaimenul Azam Khan Raiaan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Applied Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems (AAIINS) Laboratory, 1217, Dhaka, Bangladesh","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh","Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Monash University, 3800, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Applied Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems (AAIINS) Laboratory, 1217, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210164862"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, United International University, 1212, Dhaka, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63169043","https://openalex.org/I233772129"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, Monash University, 3800, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088820799","display_name":"Md Rafiqul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7209-3881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29894533","display_name":"Charles Darwin University","ror":"https://ror.org/048zcaj52","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Md Rafiqul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, 0909, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, 0909, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122108685","display_name":"Mukhtar Hussain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29894533","display_name":"Charles Darwin University","ror":"https://ror.org/048zcaj52","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mukhtar Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, 2000, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, 2000, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062716310","display_name":"Sami Azam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7572-9750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29894533","display_name":"Charles Darwin University","ror":"https://ror.org/048zcaj52","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sami Azam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy and Resources Institute, Charles Darwin University, 0909, NT, Australia","Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, 0909, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy and Resources Institute, Charles Darwin University, 0909, NT, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, 0909, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29894533"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055795711"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I233772129","https://openalex.org/I4210164862","https://openalex.org/I56590836","https://openalex.org/I63169043"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"fwci":217.8884,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99973736,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.2705000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.2705000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.09920000284910202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.0763000026345253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalization","display_name":"Personalization","score":0.7278000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-agent","display_name":"Autonomous agent","score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/verifiable-secret-sharing","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-agent","display_name":"Intelligent agent","score":0.3571000099182129}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8098000288009644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183003079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000371","display_name":"Personalization","level":2,"score":0.7278000116348267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13687954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826847","display_name":"Autonomous agent","level":2,"score":0.43140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85847156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q59015987","display_name":"Verifiable secret sharing","level":3,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3736000061035156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74072328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142726","display_name":"Intelligent agent","level":2,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.30059999227523804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.2978000044822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5894958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297769","display_name":"Software agent","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11471-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11471-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2508.17281","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2508.17281","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2508.17281","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11471-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11471-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7568352222442627,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320993","display_name":"Charles Darwin University","ror":"https://ror.org/048zcaj52"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":99,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W2791526950","https://openalex.org/W2889787757","https://openalex.org/W2914650334","https://openalex.org/W2944727022","https://openalex.org/W2953103783","https://openalex.org/W2963566548","https://openalex.org/W2963800628","https://openalex.org/W2963961878","https://openalex.org/W2963963993","https://openalex.org/W2964315653","https://openalex.org/W2979727876","https://openalex.org/W3034578524","https://openalex.org/W3034758614","https://openalex.org/W3159959439","https://openalex.org/W3161820423","https://openalex.org/W3163073193","https://openalex.org/W3170490008","https://openalex.org/W3171639395","https://openalex.org/W3190126809","https://openalex.org/W4312097006","https://openalex.org/W4366591012","https://openalex.org/W4384026520","https://openalex.org/W4387835442","https://openalex.org/W4388483618","https://openalex.org/W4389520103","https://openalex.org/W4389520177","https://openalex.org/W4389523767","https://openalex.org/W4389991792","https://openalex.org/W4390507962","https://openalex.org/W4390874280","https://openalex.org/W4392449489","https://openalex.org/W4393284236","https://openalex.org/W4393305455","https://openalex.org/W4393487805","https://openalex.org/W4396622252","https://openalex.org/W4396723768","https://openalex.org/W4396919238","https://openalex.org/W4396920308","https://openalex.org/W4397004462","https://openalex.org/W4399249866","https://openalex.org/W4399557965","https://openalex.org/W4400412177","https://openalex.org/W4401416853","https://openalex.org/W4401671778","https://openalex.org/W4401863510","https://openalex.org/W4401878796","https://openalex.org/W4402473949","https://openalex.org/W4402670152","https://openalex.org/W4402671151","https://openalex.org/W4402671229","https://openalex.org/W4402671292","https://openalex.org/W4402671303","https://openalex.org/W4402671738","https://openalex.org/W4402671772","https://openalex.org/W4402671855","https://openalex.org/W4402671956","https://openalex.org/W4402672016","https://openalex.org/W4402753874","https://openalex.org/W4402753889","https://openalex.org/W4403446385","https://openalex.org/W4403582420","https://openalex.org/W4403717124","https://openalex.org/W4404594861","https://openalex.org/W4404781798","https://openalex.org/W4404782367","https://openalex.org/W4404782493","https://openalex.org/W4404783248","https://openalex.org/W4404792867","https://openalex.org/W4404826238","https://openalex.org/W4405181600","https://openalex.org/W4405185373","https://openalex.org/W4405363764","https://openalex.org/W4405483747","https://openalex.org/W4405787555","https://openalex.org/W4408192027","https://openalex.org/W4408411093","https://openalex.org/W4408529625","https://openalex.org/W4409091111","https://openalex.org/W4409580926","https://openalex.org/W4409643680","https://openalex.org/W4410413732","https://openalex.org/W4410430358","https://openalex.org/W4410431873","https://openalex.org/W4411042460","https://openalex.org/W4411100445","https://openalex.org/W4411119636","https://openalex.org/W4412065574","https://openalex.org/W4412889406","https://openalex.org/W4412889634","https://openalex.org/W4412944357","https://openalex.org/W4413145608","https://openalex.org/W4413147603","https://openalex.org/W4414603348","https://openalex.org/W4415799013","https://openalex.org/W4415800452","https://openalex.org/W4416035220","https://openalex.org/W4416035882","https://openalex.org/W6976912357"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"pursuit":[1],"of":[2,12,72,83,111,121,146,155,173,182],"human-level":[3],"artificial":[4],"intelligence":[5],"(AI)":[6],"has":[7],"significantly":[8],"advanced":[9],"the":[10,63,73,84,108,119,153,175,180],"development":[11],"autonomous":[13,50],"agents":[14,27,51,157],"and":[15,37,52,55,68,75,77,95,98,116,118,124,139,142,179],"Large":[16],"Language":[17],"Models":[18],"(LLMs).":[19],"LLMs":[20,48],"are":[21,130],"now":[22],"widely":[23],"utilized":[24],"as":[25,49],"decision-making":[26],"for":[28,100,177],"their":[29,91],"ability":[30],"to":[31,151,193],"interpret":[32],"instructions,":[33],"manage":[34],"sequential":[35],"tasks,":[36],"adapt":[38],"through":[39],"feedback.":[40],"This":[41],"review":[42],"examines":[43],"recent":[44],"developments":[45],"in":[46,70,158],"employing":[47],"tool":[53],"users":[54],"comprises":[56],"seven":[57],"research":[58,191],"questions.":[59],"We":[60],"only":[61],"used":[62],"papers":[64],"published":[65],"between":[66],"2023":[67],"2025":[69],"conferences":[71],"A*":[74],"A-ranked":[76],"Q1":[78],"journals.":[79],"A":[80],"structured":[81],"analysis":[82,145],"LLM":[85],"agents\u2019":[86],"architectural":[87],"design":[88],"principles,":[89],"dividing":[90],"applications":[92],"into":[93],"single-agent":[94],"multi-agent":[96],"systems,":[97],"strategies":[99],"integrating":[101],"external":[102],"tools":[103],"is":[104],"presented.":[105],"In":[106,161],"addition,":[107],"cognitive":[109],"mechanisms":[110],"LLMs,":[112,174],"including":[113],"reasoning,":[114],"planning,":[115],"memory,":[117],"impact":[120],"prompting":[122],"methods":[123],"fine-tuning":[125],"procedures":[126],"on":[127,170],"agent":[128],"performance":[129,154],"also":[131],"investigated.":[132],"Furthermore,":[133],"we":[134,165,186],"have":[135,166,187],"evaluated":[136],"current":[137],"benchmarks":[138],"assessment":[140],"protocols":[141],"provided":[143],"an":[144],"68":[147],"publicly":[148],"available":[149],"datasets":[150],"assess":[152],"LLM-based":[156,183],"various":[159],"tasks.":[160],"conducting":[162],"this":[163],"review,":[164],"identified":[167],"critical":[168],"findings":[169],"verifiable":[171],"reasoning":[172],"capacity":[176],"self-improvement,":[178],"personalization":[181],"agents.":[184],"Finally,":[185],"discussed":[188],"ten":[189],"future":[190],"directions":[192],"overcome":[194],"these":[195],"gaps.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-10T08:33:47.465468","created_date":"2026-01-08T00:00:00"}