{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7110895594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11446-w","title":"Thermohydraulic performance of spray cooling systems: a general model by machine learning","display_name":"Thermohydraulic performance of spray cooling systems: a general model by machine learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7110895594","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11446-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11446-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11446-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11446-w","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohammad Shamsodini Lori","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Shamsodini Lori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenge Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenge Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhenhua Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhua Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiangtao Cheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiangtao Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"fwci":0.9739,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79570956,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"59","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11382","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer","score":0.6065999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11382","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer","score":0.6065999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11751","display_name":"Lattice Boltzmann Simulation Studies","score":0.08309999853372574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12141","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Thin Films","score":0.03849999979138374,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nusselt-number","display_name":"Nusselt number","score":0.7749000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-absolute-percentage-error","display_name":"Mean absolute percentage error","score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal","display_name":"Thermal","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reynolds-number","display_name":"Reynolds number","score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-spraying","display_name":"Thermal spraying","score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydraulic-diameter","display_name":"Hydraulic diameter","score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.3212999999523163}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130230704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898280","display_name":"Nusselt number","level":4,"score":0.7749000191688538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.574400007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5346999764442444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150217764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6803607","display_name":"Mean absolute percentage error","level":3,"score":0.45820000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4453999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182748727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178932","display_name":"Reynolds number","level":3,"score":0.41760000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149669645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551541","display_name":"Thermal spraying","level":3,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16644385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1327735","display_name":"Hydraulic diameter","level":4,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133199616","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25386885","display_name":"Empirical modelling","level":2,"score":0.3127000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190894226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7580227","display_name":"Spray characteristics","level":4,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.28139999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120934525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849149","display_name":"Absolute deviation","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21880701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2144042","display_name":"Process engineering","level":1,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7694927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7667810","display_name":"Water cooling","level":2,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.2630999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.26190000772476196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114834414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15477170","display_name":"Thermal management of electronic devices and systems","level":2,"score":0.2531000077724457}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11446-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11446-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:vtechworks.lib.vt.edu:10919/140666","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10919/140666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400248","display_name":"VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","host_organization_name":"Virginia Tech","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11446-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11446-w","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5508528351783752}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":100,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1585973949","https://openalex.org/W1973512043","https://openalex.org/W1977341407","https://openalex.org/W1990404765","https://openalex.org/W1994289152","https://openalex.org/W1996452101","https://openalex.org/W2004023881","https://openalex.org/W2005549889","https://openalex.org/W2007278926","https://openalex.org/W2010293578","https://openalex.org/W2010622399","https://openalex.org/W2018685144","https://openalex.org/W2018785535","https://openalex.org/W2020172200","https://openalex.org/W2022065714","https://openalex.org/W2028582778","https://openalex.org/W2029229927","https://openalex.org/W2029504630","https://openalex.org/W2032006408","https://openalex.org/W2043171598","https://openalex.org/W2048092465","https://openalex.org/W2052856203","https://openalex.org/W2071744795","https://openalex.org/W2072955187","https://openalex.org/W2075896735","https://openalex.org/W2083927591","https://openalex.org/W2085142712","https://openalex.org/W2091027824","https://openalex.org/W2102805256","https://openalex.org/W2113010754","https://openalex.org/W2129095480","https://openalex.org/W2140523375","https://openalex.org/W2149706766","https://openalex.org/W2159315060","https://openalex.org/W2167859822","https://openalex.org/W2169662354","https://openalex.org/W2395678970","https://openalex.org/W2532677041","https://openalex.org/W2633593533","https://openalex.org/W2770720946","https://openalex.org/W2789758093","https://openalex.org/W2795658489","https://openalex.org/W2884754187","https://openalex.org/W2911598654","https://openalex.org/W2915925186","https://openalex.org/W2922073769","https://openalex.org/W2953213495","https://openalex.org/W2987201163","https://openalex.org/W3041208794","https://openalex.org/W3090899287","https://openalex.org/W3094948551","https://openalex.org/W3097157448","https://openalex.org/W3138777936","https://openalex.org/W3161130728","https://openalex.org/W3164120199","https://openalex.org/W3179611652","https://openalex.org/W3182499710","https://openalex.org/W3183873863","https://openalex.org/W3196402986","https://openalex.org/W3203999462","https://openalex.org/W4200410454","https://openalex.org/W4206758606","https://openalex.org/W4220717841","https://openalex.org/W4224009198","https://openalex.org/W4246754390","https://openalex.org/W4249587013","https://openalex.org/W4256447871","https://openalex.org/W4282581640","https://openalex.org/W4290963960","https://openalex.org/W4294307928","https://openalex.org/W4296624141","https://openalex.org/W4297989774","https://openalex.org/W4307366278","https://openalex.org/W4313377302","https://openalex.org/W4313830514","https://openalex.org/W4318677156","https://openalex.org/W4323073170","https://openalex.org/W4323074424","https://openalex.org/W4366989499","https://openalex.org/W4384568260","https://openalex.org/W4390987403","https://openalex.org/W4391908211","https://openalex.org/W4393161221","https://openalex.org/W4393338130","https://openalex.org/W4394678555","https://openalex.org/W4394871085","https://openalex.org/W4398778059","https://openalex.org/W4400613806","https://openalex.org/W4402279017","https://openalex.org/W4402313019","https://openalex.org/W4402495550","https://openalex.org/W4404083070","https://openalex.org/W4404463940","https://openalex.org/W4405128151","https://openalex.org/W4405823414","https://openalex.org/W4407324410","https://openalex.org/W4407367663","https://openalex.org/W4409195835","https://openalex.org/W4409328313","https://openalex.org/W4410707454"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,62,104,159,179,191,205,212,227,248],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,68,106,116,129,162,208,264],"high-power":[5],"density":[6],"instruments,":[7],"spray":[8,26,41,69,81,107,209,253],"cooling":[9,27,42,108,210,254],"has":[10],"drawn":[11],"increasing":[12],"interest":[13],"in":[14,175,195],"industry":[15],"as":[16],"a":[17,37,155,172,259],"high-efficiency":[18],"thermal":[19,63,160,239],"management":[20],"technology.":[21],"Despite":[22],"extensive":[23],"research,":[24],"typical":[25],"systems":[28],"only":[29],"function":[30],"effectively":[31],"within":[32],"constrained":[33],"conditions.":[34],"Therefore,":[35],"creating":[36],"general":[38,156,186],"model":[39],"for":[40,45,136,145,158,251,262],"is":[43],"essential":[44],"accurately":[46],"predicting":[47],"its":[48],"functionalities.":[49],"In":[50],"this":[51,185],"work,":[52],"we":[53,153,203,218],"employed":[54,219],"six":[55],"machine":[56],"learning":[57],"(ML)":[58],"algorithms":[59,119],"to":[60,111,178,200,225,231],"analyze":[61],"performance":[64,255],"and":[65,93,138,168,230,256],"hydraulic":[66],"properties":[67],"cooling.":[70],"Leveraging":[71],"data":[72],"from":[73,198],"25":[74],"previous":[75],"studies":[76],"encompassing":[77],"different":[78],"working":[79,164],"fluids,":[80,165],"atomization":[82,166],"types,":[83],"Reynolds":[84],"numbers":[85,90,95],"(":[86,96],"$$\\:Re$$":[87],"),":[88,98],"Nusselt":[89],"$$\\:\\left(Nu\\right)$$":[91],",":[92,150],"Weber":[94],"$$\\:We$$":[97],"our":[99],"ML":[100,118,192,228,245],"models":[101,229],"significantly":[102,246],"enhance":[103],"prediction":[105],"functionalities":[109],"compared":[110,177],"traditional":[112],"correlations.":[113],"The":[114],"effectiveness":[115],"these":[117],"was":[120,188],"experimentally":[121],"validated,":[122],"yielding":[123],"mean":[124,146],"absolute":[125],"percentage":[126],"errors":[127],"(MAPEs)":[128],"6":[130],"$$\\%":[131,134,140,143],"-$$":[132,135,141,144],"20":[133],"$$\\:Nu$$":[137,213],"4":[139],"16":[142],"droplet":[147],"diameter":[148],"$$\\:{d}_{d}$$":[149],"respectively.":[151],"Then,":[152],"proposed":[154],"correlation":[157,187],"performances":[161],"various":[163],"methods,":[167],"operational":[169],"conditions,":[170],"achieving":[171],"38%":[173],"reduction":[174],"MAPE":[176],"most":[180],"accurate":[181],"existing":[182],"correlation.":[183],"Subsequently,":[184],"integrated":[189],"into":[190],"models,":[193],"resulting":[194],"MAPEs":[196],"ranging":[197],"0.48%":[199],"2.3%.":[201],"Furthermore,":[202],"optimized":[204],"key":[206],"factors":[207],"with":[211],"number":[214],"reaching":[215],"220.":[216],"Finally,":[217],"SHapley":[220],"Additive":[221],"exPlanations":[222],"(SHAP)":[223],"approach":[224],"interpret":[226],"identify":[232],"an":[233],"optimal":[234],"strategy":[235],"towards":[236],"greatly":[237],"enhanced":[238],"performance.":[240],"This":[241],"study":[242],"demonstrates":[243],"that":[244],"outperforms":[247],"empirical":[249],"correlations":[250],"evaluating":[252],"functionalities,":[257],"paving":[258],"new":[260],"avenue":[261],"thermoregulation":[263],"modern":[265],"power":[266],"systems.":[267]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-12-10T00:00:00"}