{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413358968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11346-z","title":"Deep learning for intrusion detection in emerging technologies: a comprehensive survey and new perspectives","display_name":"Deep learning for intrusion detection in emerging technologies: a comprehensive survey and new perspectives","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413358968","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11346-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11346-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11346-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11346-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11346-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049169545","display_name":"Euclides Carlos Pinto Neto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1241-6391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098097","display_name":"Research and Productivity Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00yeap462","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Euclides Carlos Pinto Neto","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098097","https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075654187","display_name":"Shahrear Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7819-5715"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098097","display_name":"Research and Productivity Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00yeap462","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahrear Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098097","https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020247375","display_name":"Scott Buffett","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098097","display_name":"Research and Productivity Council","ror":"https://ror.org/00yeap462","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159778","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Scott Buffett","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Research Council Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Research Council Canada, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098097","https://openalex.org/I4210159778"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037744076","display_name":"Madeena Sultana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9272-4326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297460800","display_name":"Defence Research and Development Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgy8d33","country_code":"CA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800","https://openalex.org/I1336338359","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madeena Sultana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC), Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC), Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033634735","display_name":"Adrian Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2701-9468"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297460800","display_name":"Defence Research and Development Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/00hgy8d33","country_code":"CA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800","https://openalex.org/I1336338359","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC), Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC), Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297460800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049169545"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098097","https://openalex.org/I4210159778"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"fwci":21.0171,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99396243,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"11","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7373334765434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6007863879203796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5996268391609192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4682748317718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emerging-technologies","display_name":"Emerging technologies","score":0.43382030725479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3992446959018707}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7373334765434265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6007863879203796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5996268391609192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4682748317718506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207267971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120208","display_name":"Emerging technologies","level":2,"score":0.43382030725479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3992446959018707}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11346-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11346-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11346-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.ca:cistinparc:57a7918d-3aea-4ed4-a844-0773556ca370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/object/?id=57a7918d-3aea-4ed4-a844-0773556ca370","pdf_url":"https://nrc-publications.canada.ca/eng/view/ft/?id=57a7918d-3aea-4ed4-a844-0773556ca370","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055245","display_name":"NPARC","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11346-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11346-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11346-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334601","display_name":"National Research Council Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/04mte1k06"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413358968.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413358968.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":174,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W132726139","https://openalex.org/W195047088","https://openalex.org/W1594695291","https://openalex.org/W1982563504","https://openalex.org/W1988918299","https://openalex.org/W1990067238","https://openalex.org/W1992208352","https://openalex.org/W2008224380","https://openalex.org/W2022758041","https://openalex.org/W2025752711","https://openalex.org/W2028070713","https://openalex.org/W2031163547","https://openalex.org/W2040340473","https://openalex.org/W2041008854","https://openalex.org/W2054473533","https://openalex.org/W2058401212","https://openalex.org/W2067453331","https://openalex.org/W2070164835","https://openalex.org/W2074616737","https://openalex.org/W2099940443","https://openalex.org/W2103496339","https://openalex.org/W2105103777","https://openalex.org/W2115023685","https://openalex.org/W2121741220","https://openalex.org/W2131646073","https://openalex.org/W2136520403","https://openalex.org/W2167240430","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2296509296","https://openalex.org/W2330650066","https://openalex.org/W2560162835","https://openalex.org/W2568772110","https://openalex.org/W2594560857","https://openalex.org/W2597698998","https://openalex.org/W2605270919","https://openalex.org/W2622610444","https://openalex.org/W2624989916","https://openalex.org/W2763978449","https://openalex.org/W2770942607","https://openalex.org/W2775394714","https://openalex.org/W2783047817","https://openalex.org/W2799758613","https://openalex.org/W2803750062","https://openalex.org/W2805611890","https://openalex.org/W2885128583","https://openalex.org/W2889109290","https://openalex.org/W2896370767","https://openalex.org/W2897929592","https://openalex.org/W2921353139","https://openalex.org/W2924877180","https://openalex.org/W2926701059","https://openalex.org/W2935633365","https://openalex.org/W2958285686","https://openalex.org/W2959120033","https://openalex.org/W2960833983","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2963197901","https://openalex.org/W2963748489","https://openalex.org/W2964015972","https://openalex.org/W2964314709","https://openalex.org/W2968493828","https://openalex.org/W2979202956","https://openalex.org/W2980576170","https://openalex.org/W2981025625","https://openalex.org/W2982682021","https://openalex.org/W2990268365","https://openalex.org/W2990623250","https://openalex.org/W2995022099","https://openalex.org/W3005620403","https://openalex.org/W3006783274","https://openalex.org/W3009315908","https://openalex.org/W3011221953","https://openalex.org/W3013100408","https://openalex.org/W3014178782","https://openalex.org/W3021654819","https://openalex.org/W3021951958","https://openalex.org/W3023238316","https://openalex.org/W3032244847","https://openalex.org/W3032266608","https://openalex.org/W3033120446","https://openalex.org/W3035254752","https://openalex.org/W3043799819","https://openalex.org/W3046042764","https://openalex.org/W3047132966","https://openalex.org/W3081803166","https://openalex.org/W3084346886","https://openalex.org/W3084847664","https://openalex.org/W3085865982","https://openalex.org/W3087470167","https://openalex.org/W3090981681","https://openalex.org/W3093410479","https://openalex.org/W3096000766","https://openalex.org/W3096448935","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3105105644","https://openalex.org/W3105883416","https://openalex.org/W3110885177","https://openalex.org/W3113149630","https://openalex.org/W3122864121","https://openalex.org/W3129632563","https://openalex.org/W3135165465","https://openalex.org/W3135398540","https://openalex.org/W3135497297","https://openalex.org/W3137382190","https://openalex.org/W3151784567","https://openalex.org/W3159885303","https://openalex.org/W3160844681","https://openalex.org/W3161810785","https://openalex.org/W3168997536","https://openalex.org/W3175448228","https://openalex.org/W3176234924","https://openalex.org/W3185244527","https://openalex.org/W3187158089","https://openalex.org/W3192892322","https://openalex.org/W3196965214","https://openalex.org/W3202565128","https://openalex.org/W3206599325","https://openalex.org/W3216542729","https://openalex.org/W4200529500","https://openalex.org/W4200617605","https://openalex.org/W4205989500","https://openalex.org/W4210541099","https://openalex.org/W4220900646","https://openalex.org/W4224211479","https://openalex.org/W4225131160","https://openalex.org/W4226319939","https://openalex.org/W4285233421","https://openalex.org/W4290996887","https://openalex.org/W4292387448","https://openalex.org/W4293254031","https://openalex.org/W4294811354","https://openalex.org/W4296367942","https://openalex.org/W4307273478","https://openalex.org/W4307868829","https://openalex.org/W4311416421","https://openalex.org/W4319965142","https://openalex.org/W4324134848","https://openalex.org/W4327736930","https://openalex.org/W4361010174","https://openalex.org/W4361029831","https://openalex.org/W4376480653","https://openalex.org/W4379618984","https://openalex.org/W4382281941","https://openalex.org/W4382446893","https://openalex.org/W4383750730","https://openalex.org/W4385958045","https://openalex.org/W4385976020","https://openalex.org/W4386070139","https://openalex.org/W4387780154","https://openalex.org/W4388279677","https://openalex.org/W4388523068","https://openalex.org/W4388694295","https://openalex.org/W4388893996","https://openalex.org/W4388923662","https://openalex.org/W4389428576","https://openalex.org/W4389429197","https://openalex.org/W4390097434","https://openalex.org/W4390494322","https://openalex.org/W4390499810","https://openalex.org/W4390751084","https://openalex.org/W4390909962","https://openalex.org/W4391890915","https://openalex.org/W4392694748","https://openalex.org/W4394822945","https://openalex.org/W4395677213","https://openalex.org/W4396707597","https://openalex.org/W4400771978","https://openalex.org/W4401751706","https://openalex.org/W4402157129","https://openalex.org/W4406137763","https://openalex.org/W4407639662","https://openalex.org/W4411948870","https://openalex.org/W6600103761","https://openalex.org/W6601981491"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2731899572","https://openalex.org/W3215138031","https://openalex.org/W3009238340","https://openalex.org/W4360585206","https://openalex.org/W4321369474","https://openalex.org/W4285208911","https://openalex.org/W3082895349","https://openalex.org/W4213079790","https://openalex.org/W2248239756","https://openalex.org/W3086377361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Intrusion":[1],"Detection":[2],"Systems":[3],"(IDS)":[4],"can":[5],"help":[6],"cybersecurity":[7,29],"analysts":[8],"detect":[9],"malicious":[10],"activities":[11],"in":[12,20,31,40,86,122,208,219,231,285,295],"computational":[13],"environments.":[14],"Recently,":[15],"Deep":[16],"Learning":[17],"(DL)":[18],"methods":[19,158,169],"IDS":[21,168,193],"have":[22],"demonstrated":[23],"notable":[24],"performance,":[25],"revealing":[26],"new":[27,61,76],"underlying":[28],"patterns":[30],"systems\u2019":[32],"operations.":[33],"Conversely,":[34],"issues":[35,266],"such":[36,64,267],"as":[37,65,268],"low":[38],"performance":[39],"real":[41,253],"systems,":[42,254],"high":[43],"false":[44],"positive":[45],"rates,":[46],"and":[47,69,98,130,153,175,205,212,262,271],"lack":[48,259],"of":[49,59,72,78,83,94,101,107,116,139,148,167,181,216,228,260,280],"explainability":[50],"hinder":[51],"its":[52],"real-world":[53],"deployment.":[54],"In":[55],"addition,":[56],"the":[57,70,81,91,99,127,146,150,179,188,232,245,278,296],"adoption":[58],"many":[60,237],"emerging":[62,87,123,220,286],"technologies,":[63,176],"cloud,":[66],"edge":[67],"computing,":[68],"Internet":[71],"Things":[73],"(IoT)":[74],"introduces":[75],"forms":[77],"vulnerabilities.":[79],"Therefore,":[80],"improvement":[82],"intrusion":[84,120,283],"detection":[85,121,284],"technologies":[88,124,221,287],"depends":[89],"on":[90,178,187],"clear":[92,238],"definitions":[93],"challenging":[95],"security":[96,229],"problems":[97],"limitations":[100],"existing":[102],"solutions.":[103],"The":[104,214],"main":[105],"goal":[106],"this":[108],"research":[109],"is":[110,170,222],"to":[111,125,197,201,292],"conduct":[112,135],"a":[113,136,164,289],"literature":[114],"review":[115,138,166],"DL":[117,157,183,203,281],"solutions":[118,129,230,248,270],"for":[119,172,240,249,282],"understand":[126],"state-of-the-art":[128],"their":[131,199,210],"limitations.":[132,213],"Specifically,":[133],"we":[134],"comprehensive":[137],"IDS-based":[140],"automated":[141],"threat":[142],"defense":[143],"methods,":[144],"with":[145],"objective":[147],"identifying":[149],"landscape":[151],"of,":[152],"opportunities":[154,239],"for,":[155],"incorporating":[156],"into":[159],"IDS.":[160],"To":[161,185],"accomplish":[162],"this,":[163],"thorough":[165],"conducted":[171],"multiple":[173],"platforms":[174],"focusing":[177],"use":[180],"common":[182],"techniques.":[184],"expand":[186],"study,":[189],"several":[190],"widely":[191],"used":[192],"datasets":[194],"are":[195],"evaluated":[196],"assess":[198],"ability":[200],"train":[202],"models":[204],"support":[206],"researchers":[207],"understanding":[209],"characteristics":[211],"analysis":[215,275],"attack":[217],"vectors":[218],"conducted,":[223],"enabling":[224],"an":[225],"in-depth":[226],"evaluation":[227],"future.":[233],"Our":[234,274],"findings":[235],"show":[236],"future":[241],"research,":[242],"including":[243,258],"addressing":[244],"gap":[246],"between":[247],"controlled/simulated":[250],"environments":[251],"versus":[252],"overcoming":[255],"trustworthiness":[256],"issues,":[257],"explainability,":[261],"further":[263],"exploring":[264],"operationalization":[265,279],"deployable":[269],"continuous":[272],"detection.":[273],"highlights":[276],"that":[277],"represents":[288],"key":[290],"challenge":[291],"be":[293],"addressed":[294],"next":[297],"few":[298],"years.":[299]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-29T09:21:14.243279","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}