{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411533872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11269-9","title":"Tianji\u2019s horse racing optimization (THRO): a new metaheuristic inspired by ancient wisdom and its engineering optimization applications","display_name":"Tianji\u2019s horse racing optimization (THRO): a new metaheuristic inspired by ancient wisdom and its engineering optimization applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411533872","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11269-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11269-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11269-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11269-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11269-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404991","display_name":"Liying Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6899-3289"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106079672","display_name":"Hebei University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/036h65h05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106079672"]}],"countries":["AU","CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liying Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia","School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, Hebei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, Hebei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106079672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051704749","display_name":"Haiping Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3439-3821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haiping Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079127319","display_name":"Zhenxing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9071-7053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenxing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012712435","display_name":"Gang Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9443-1247"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131919","display_name":"Xi'an University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/038avdt50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Applied Mathematics, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an, 710054, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Applied Mathematics, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an, 710054, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131919"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111318968","display_name":"Seyedali Mirjalili","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142208455","display_name":"VSB - Technical University of Ostrava","ror":"https://ror.org/05x8mcb75","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103356709","display_name":"Obuda University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ax71d21","country_code":"HU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142395","display_name":"Torrens University Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/0351xae06","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]}],"countries":["AU","CZ","HU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seyedali Mirjalili","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimisation, Torrens University Australia, Fortitude Valley, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia","Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic","University Research and Innovation Center, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Artificial Intelligence Research and Optimisation, Torrens University Australia, Fortitude Valley, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142395"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Research and Innovation Center, Obuda University, Budapest, Hungary","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103356709"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042196931","display_name":"Nima Khodadadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8348-6530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800279901","display_name":"Earthquake Engineering Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03v188q73","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800279901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nima Khodadadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800279901","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065388273","display_name":"Abdelazim G. Hussien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5394-0678"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66513531","display_name":"Fayoum University","ror":"https://ror.org/023gzwx10","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66513531"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelazim G. Hussien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, 63514, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66513531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024394400","display_name":"Yingying Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5423-7028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90090648","display_name":"Shijiazhuang Tiedao University","ror":"https://ror.org/022e9e065","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90090648"]}],"countries":["AU","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingying Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, 050043, Hebei, China","School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, Shijiazhuang, 050043, Hebei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90090648"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082641546","display_name":"Weiguo Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4069-2422"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106079672","display_name":"Hebei University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/036h65h05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106079672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiguo Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, Hebei, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, Hebei, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106079672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":6,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100404991"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106079672","https://openalex.org/I204824540"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"fwci":67.2977,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99905391,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"9","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11574","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Games","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metaheuristic","display_name":"Metaheuristic","score":0.8116610050201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6325563788414001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3915293216705322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109718341","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1385229","display_name":"Metaheuristic","level":2,"score":0.8116610050201416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6325563788414001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3915293216705322}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11269-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11269-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11269-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11269-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11269-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11269-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3730379936","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"12072098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411533872.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":120,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W137929096","https://openalex.org/W1501347617","https://openalex.org/W1576660662","https://openalex.org/W1595159159","https://openalex.org/W1984762043","https://openalex.org/W1987115965","https://openalex.org/W1999284878","https://openalex.org/W2002462683","https://openalex.org/W2031014442","https://openalex.org/W2038950936","https://openalex.org/W2040492000","https://openalex.org/W2042253843","https://openalex.org/W2054278883","https://openalex.org/W2056050857","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2072955302","https://openalex.org/W2077090798","https://openalex.org/W2088609193","https://openalex.org/W2094777419","https://openalex.org/W2096166399","https://openalex.org/W2096673585","https://openalex.org/W2102343719","https://openalex.org/W2120374710","https://openalex.org/W2151554678","https://openalex.org/W2152195021","https://openalex.org/W2168081761","https://openalex.org/W2182761707","https://openalex.org/W2227596568","https://openalex.org/W2232317135","https://openalex.org/W2273604952","https://openalex.org/W2290883490","https://openalex.org/W2405250443","https://openalex.org/W2542691202","https://openalex.org/W2606276573","https://openalex.org/W2607700698","https://openalex.org/W2729414995","https://openalex.org/W2738900493","https://openalex.org/W2790662215","https://openalex.org/W2792128298","https://openalex.org/W2802800902","https://openalex.org/W2810255841","https://openalex.org/W2830592823","https://openalex.org/W2889545660","https://openalex.org/W2896288190","https://openalex.org/W2902421512","https://openalex.org/W2910908383","https://openalex.org/W2914717758","https://openalex.org/W2919979744","https://openalex.org/W2944829093","https://openalex.org/W2962182762","https://openalex.org/W2976560662","https://openalex.org/W2985845430","https://openalex.org/W2998553334","https://openalex.org/W3007024649","https://openalex.org/W3007907254","https://openalex.org/W3012087746","https://openalex.org/W3012467882","https://openalex.org/W3023920206","https://openalex.org/W3025841075","https://openalex.org/W3083171042","https://openalex.org/W3083172984","https://openalex.org/W3092123241","https://openalex.org/W3114640095","https://openalex.org/W3136581438","https://openalex.org/W3139484821","https://openalex.org/W3146344560","https://openalex.org/W3162201922","https://openalex.org/W3187846086","https://openalex.org/W3198843048","https://openalex.org/W3200690470","https://openalex.org/W3211434935","https://openalex.org/W3212696212","https://openalex.org/W4200516060","https://openalex.org/W4205146394","https://openalex.org/W4205165734","https://openalex.org/W4206081481","https://openalex.org/W4206157488","https://openalex.org/W4210401277","https://openalex.org/W4212924712","https://openalex.org/W4212993228","https://openalex.org/W4213080281","https://openalex.org/W4226062099","https://openalex.org/W4241727697","https://openalex.org/W4250503569","https://openalex.org/W4281642558","https://openalex.org/W4282547846","https://openalex.org/W4288045195","https://openalex.org/W4292083457","https://openalex.org/W4293834851","https://openalex.org/W4296990533","https://openalex.org/W4297359831","https://openalex.org/W4308930529","https://openalex.org/W4311650973","https://openalex.org/W4313479115","https://openalex.org/W4319655921","https://openalex.org/W4323261907","https://openalex.org/W4323922821","https://openalex.org/W4366000457","https://openalex.org/W4366815764","https://openalex.org/W4383104983","https://openalex.org/W4383197038","https://openalex.org/W4383426586","https://openalex.org/W4383704099","https://openalex.org/W4387150582","https://openalex.org/W4387425779","https://openalex.org/W4387986999","https://openalex.org/W4389636822","https://openalex.org/W4392563544","https://openalex.org/W4393115836","https://openalex.org/W4394006457","https://openalex.org/W4395008965","https://openalex.org/W4395046137","https://openalex.org/W4396764002","https://openalex.org/W4400726912","https://openalex.org/W4401120967","https://openalex.org/W4401326382","https://openalex.org/W4401733243","https://openalex.org/W4402030432","https://openalex.org/W4404432900","https://openalex.org/W4406170399"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2789681586","https://openalex.org/W2794361564","https://openalex.org/W4243392960","https://openalex.org/W3156820950","https://openalex.org/W4232791346","https://openalex.org/W2971069100","https://openalex.org/W2504553392"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,108],"this":[1,109],"study,":[2],"we":[3,216],"introduce":[4],"a":[5,64,93,218],"novel":[6],"metaheuristic":[7],"algorithm":[8,150],"named":[9],"Tianji\u2019s":[10,22,52],"horse":[11,23],"racing":[12],"optimization":[13,72],"(THRO),":[14],"inspired":[15],"by":[16,91,120],"the":[17,44,55,68,101,132,149,153,161,179,184,197,230,234,245,263,272],"Chinese":[18],"historical":[19],"story":[20,26],"of":[21,57,70,147,163,251,265,274,278,301],"racing.":[24],"The":[25,60,286],"illustrates":[27],"how":[28,148],"Tianji":[29],"leveraged":[30],"his":[31,35,41],"strengths":[32],"to":[33,40,51,117,152,260,271],"counteract":[34],"opponent\u2019s":[36,133],"weaknesses,":[37],"ultimately":[38],"leading":[39],"victory":[42],"in":[43,283,294],"competition.":[45],"This":[46,139],"strategic":[47],"principle,":[48],"which":[49,74,207],"led":[50],"victory,":[53],"forms":[54],"foundation":[56],"THRO\u2019s":[58,268],"design.":[59],"need":[61],"for":[62],"such":[63],"proposal":[65],"arises":[66],"from":[67,123,131],"limitations":[69],"existing":[71],"algorithms,":[73,224],"often":[75],"struggle":[76],"with":[77,129,156,167,221],"convergence":[78,103],"speed":[79],"and":[80,105,126,145,178,192,212,229,238],"solution":[81,106],"accuracy":[82],"when":[83],"solving":[84,295],"complex":[85,297],"problems.":[86],"THRO":[87,195,242,290,302],"addresses":[88],"these":[89],"challenges":[90],"employing":[92],"unique":[94],"dynamic":[95],"individual":[96,137],"matching":[97,127],"strategy":[98,114],"that":[99,289],"enhances":[100],"algorithm\u2019s":[102],"rate":[104],"precision.":[107],"algorithm,":[110],"an":[111],"effective":[112],"greedy":[113],"is":[115,303],"employed":[116,259],"maximize":[118],"benefits":[119],"selecting":[121],"individuals":[122,130],"its":[124],"population":[125],"them":[128],"population,":[134],"thereby":[135],"facilitating":[136],"updates.":[138],"paper":[140],"provides":[141],"mathematically":[142],"grounded":[143],"explanations":[144],"analysis":[146],"converges":[151],"global":[154],"optimum":[155],"probability":[157],"1.":[158],"To":[159],"validate":[160],"efficacy":[162],"THRO,":[164],"comparative":[165],"experiments":[166],"12":[168],"popular":[169],"algorithms":[170],"are":[171,208,258],"conducted":[172],"on":[173],"23":[174],"classical":[175],"benchmark":[176],"functions":[177,187],"CEC2017":[180,186],"test":[181],"suite.":[182],"For":[183],"29":[185],"across":[188,233],"10,":[189],"30,":[190],"50,":[191],"100":[193],"dimensions,":[194],"achieves":[196,244],"slowest":[198,246],"Friedman":[199,247],"average":[200,248],"ranking":[201,249],"values":[202],"among":[203],"all":[204],"competing":[205],"methods,":[206],"2.052,":[209],"2.500,":[210],"2.293,":[211],"2.259,":[213],"respectively.":[214],"Additionally,":[215],"conduct":[217],"comprehensive":[219],"comparison":[220],"several":[222],"advanced":[223],"including":[225],"high-performance":[226],"hybrid":[227],"optimizers":[228],"CEC":[231],"winners,":[232],"CEC2014,":[235],"CEC2017,":[236],"CEC2020,":[237],"CEC2022":[239],"suites,":[240],"where":[241],"again":[243],"value":[250],"1.729.":[252],"Furthermore,":[253],"six":[254],"engineering":[255],"design":[256],"problems":[257],"comprehensively":[261],"check":[262],"applicability":[264],"THRO.":[266],"Eventually,":[267],"proficiency":[269],"extends":[270],"application":[273],"identifying":[275],"damping":[276],"parameters":[277],"magnetorheological":[279],"damper":[280],"(MRD)":[281],"models":[282],"mechanical":[284],"systems.":[285],"results":[287],"confirm":[288],"exhibits":[291],"remarkable":[292],"competitiveness":[293],"various":[296],"problems.The":[298],"source":[299],"code":[300],"publicly":[304],"available":[305],"at":[306],"https://github.com/zwg770123/THRO":[307],".":[308]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T08:27:34.491423","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}