{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410453424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11241-7","title":"A review of LLMs and their applications in the architecture, engineering and construction industry","display_name":"A review of LLMs and their applications in the architecture, engineering and construction industry","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410453424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11241-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11241-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11241-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11241-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11241-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084256276","display_name":"Dimitrios Kampelopoulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5839-4335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134249","display_name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/03bndpq63","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Kampelopoulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas - CERTH, 60361, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas - CERTH, 60361, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053980856","display_name":"Athina Tsanousa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6599-4446"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134249","display_name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/03bndpq63","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Athina Tsanousa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas - CERTH, 60361, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas - CERTH, 60361, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065313479","display_name":"Stefanos Vrochidis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2505-9178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134249","display_name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/03bndpq63","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stefanos Vrochidis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas - CERTH, 60361, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas - CERTH, 60361, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084122016","display_name":"Ioannis Kompatsiaris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6447-9020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134249","display_name":"Centre for Research and Technology Hellas","ror":"https://ror.org/03bndpq63","country_code":"GR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioannis Kompatsiaris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas - CERTH, 60361, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas - CERTH, 60361, 6th km Charilaou-Thermi Rd, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084256276"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134249"],"apc_list":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"apc_paid":{"value":2490,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3090},"fwci":22.5716,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9970874,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"58","issue":"8","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11606","display_name":"Infrastructure Maintenance and Monitoring","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12482","display_name":"Tunneling and Rock Mechanics","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.6570653915405273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5765843391418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construction-engineering","display_name":"Construction engineering","score":0.3765676021575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-engineering","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","score":0.33955511450767517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-management","display_name":"Engineering management","score":0.3368690013885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18646380305290222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.06630635261535645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.6570653915405273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5765843391418457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107053488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2674423","display_name":"Construction engineering","level":1,"score":0.3765676021575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117671659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265","display_name":"Manufacturing engineering","level":1,"score":0.33955511450767517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110354214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6314146","display_name":"Engineering management","level":1,"score":0.3368690013885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18646380305290222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.06630635261535645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11241-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11241-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11241-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-025-11241-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-025-11241-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11241-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320318628","display_name":"Hellenic Academic Libraries Link","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410453424.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410453424.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":134,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975633953","https://openalex.org/W2023184793","https://openalex.org/W2050269490","https://openalex.org/W2103278824","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2162531320","https://openalex.org/W2796105695","https://openalex.org/W2891059300","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2901026139","https://openalex.org/W2950637580","https://openalex.org/W2964303773","https://openalex.org/W2965373594","https://openalex.org/W2966798122","https://openalex.org/W2969536608","https://openalex.org/W2978017171","https://openalex.org/W2979476646","https://openalex.org/W2980412932","https://openalex.org/W2996428491","https://openalex.org/W2996936831","https://openalex.org/W3027176846","https://openalex.org/W3027879771","https://openalex.org/W3033187248","https://openalex.org/W3040573126","https://openalex.org/W3082558305","https://openalex.org/W3093500471","https://openalex.org/W3093515092","https://openalex.org/W3093517588","https://openalex.org/W3093666741","https://openalex.org/W3107826490","https://openalex.org/W3119438769","https://openalex.org/W3133702157","https://openalex.org/W3156470785","https://openalex.org/W3168867926","https://openalex.org/W3177813494","https://openalex.org/W3192208786","https://openalex.org/W3194860946","https://openalex.org/W3195577433","https://openalex.org/W3198599617","https://openalex.org/W3201021139","https://openalex.org/W3203241482","https://openalex.org/W3215371923","https://openalex.org/W4213425661","https://openalex.org/W4224308101","https://openalex.org/W4224903276","https://openalex.org/W4226082499","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4280638966","https://openalex.org/W4281390335","https://openalex.org/W4283392904","https://openalex.org/W4283704460","https://openalex.org/W4283761305","https://openalex.org/W4284886889","https://openalex.org/W4285132330","https://openalex.org/W4286987939","https://openalex.org/W4287208373","https://openalex.org/W4287391717","https://openalex.org/W4287704453","https://openalex.org/W4288088047","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4288245699","https://openalex.org/W4292358656","https://openalex.org/W4292779060","https://openalex.org/W4293718192","https://openalex.org/W4296512863","https://openalex.org/W4307079201","https://openalex.org/W4308760226","https://openalex.org/W4310743188","https://openalex.org/W4311642023","https://openalex.org/W4313197536","https://openalex.org/W4313457971","https://openalex.org/W4320559489","https://openalex.org/W4321392130","https://openalex.org/W4322718191","https://openalex.org/W4327810158","https://openalex.org/W4353112996","https://openalex.org/W4360847209","https://openalex.org/W4366835671","https://openalex.org/W4366990278","https://openalex.org/W4377009978","https://openalex.org/W4377121468","https://openalex.org/W4378188762","https://openalex.org/W4378464975","https://openalex.org/W4378498597","https://openalex.org/W4378505261","https://openalex.org/W4378510404","https://openalex.org/W4379919478","https://openalex.org/W4382322410","https://openalex.org/W4382400718","https://openalex.org/W4384389802","https://openalex.org/W4384918448","https://openalex.org/W4384920109","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386185625","https://openalex.org/W4386276891","https://openalex.org/W4387074810","https://openalex.org/W4387356327","https://openalex.org/W4387561528","https://openalex.org/W4388154082","https://openalex.org/W4388184452","https://openalex.org/W4389157038","https://openalex.org/W4389326242","https://openalex.org/W4389618734","https://openalex.org/W4389984066","https://openalex.org/W4390723197","https://openalex.org/W4390880765","https://openalex.org/W4391069894","https://openalex.org/W4391421504","https://openalex.org/W4391555522","https://openalex.org/W4391614156","https://openalex.org/W4391765649","https://openalex.org/W4391766565","https://openalex.org/W4391855109","https://openalex.org/W4391901199","https://openalex.org/W4393213649","https://openalex.org/W4393236964","https://openalex.org/W4393399294","https://openalex.org/W4393928899","https://openalex.org/W4394779177","https://openalex.org/W4396685186","https://openalex.org/W4396794417","https://openalex.org/W4396892628","https://openalex.org/W4396986140","https://openalex.org/W4399031574","https://openalex.org/W4399424728","https://openalex.org/W4399507014","https://openalex.org/W4399778962","https://openalex.org/W4400146581","https://openalex.org/W4400209938","https://openalex.org/W4401306886","https://openalex.org/W4402525770","https://openalex.org/W4402862959","https://openalex.org/W4406072453","https://openalex.org/W6600511658"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"During":[1],"the":[2,15,42,65,75,118,126,150,157],"past":[3],"decade,":[4],"there":[5],"has":[6,45],"been":[7],"rapid":[8],"emergence,":[9],"continuous":[10],"development":[11],"and":[12,21,37,68,81,101,111,129,134,153,159,175,185],"advancements":[13,177],"in":[14,29,74,89,117],"field":[16,91,158],"of":[17,33,60,70,78,92,106,115,131,156,178,190],"Artificial":[18],"Intelligence":[19],"(AI),":[20],"a":[22,30,57,86],"broad":[23,76],"adaptation":[24],"ofLarge":[25],"Language":[26],"Models":[27],"(LLMs)":[28],"wide":[31],"variety":[32],"application":[34],"domains":[35],"transforming":[36],"streamlining":[38],"industry":[39,44,164],"practices.":[40],"However,":[41],"construction":[43],"yet":[46],"to":[47,97,145,148,172],"fully":[48],"incorporate":[49],"these":[50,132],"technologies,":[51,180],"delaying":[52],"their":[53],"wide-scale":[54],"adaptation.":[55],"Only":[56],"limited":[58],"number":[59],"recent":[61,176],"studies":[62],"have":[63],"explored":[64],"opportunities,":[66],"capabilities":[67],"potential":[69],"current":[71],"LLM":[72,179,191],"implementations":[73],"domain":[77],"Architecture":[79],"Engineering":[80],"Construction":[82],"(AEC)":[83],"industry,":[84],"leaving":[85],"significant":[87],"gap":[88,100],"this":[90,99,140],"research.":[93],"This":[94,166],"study":[95,167],"aims":[96],"address":[98],"provide":[102],"an":[103,170,187],"extensive":[104,188],"review":[105],"already":[107],"established":[108],"state-of-the-art":[109],"applications":[110],"use":[112],"case":[113],"scenarios":[114],"LLMs":[116],"AEC":[119],"industry.":[120],"Apart":[121],"from":[122],"that,":[123],"by":[124,135],"exploring":[125],"key":[127],"contributions":[128],"limitations":[130],"applications,":[133],"considering":[136],"relative":[137],"reviews":[138],"on":[139,182],"subject,":[141],"it":[142],"was":[143],"possible":[144],"categorize":[146],"them,":[147],"extract":[149],"emerging":[151],"challenges":[152],"future":[154],"directions":[155],"propose":[160],"actionable":[161],"recommendations":[162],"for":[163],"stakeholders.":[165],"also":[168],"includes":[169],"introduction":[171],"important":[173],"concepts":[174],"focusing":[181],"transformer-based":[183],"architectures":[184],"providing":[186],"list":[189],"families.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T08:04:53.788161","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}