{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391750982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10680-4","title":"Elk herd optimizer: a novel nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm","display_name":"Elk herd optimizer: a novel nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391750982","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10680-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-023-10680-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10680-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-023-10680-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-023-10680-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081678536","display_name":"Mohammed Azmi Al\u2010Betar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1980-1791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182000528","display_name":"Ajman University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1rma10","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33926330","display_name":"Al-Balqa Applied University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qedmt22","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]}],"countries":["AE","JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Azmi Al-Betar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE","Department of Information Technology, Al-Huson University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Huson, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technology, Al-Huson University College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Huson, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085661326","display_name":"Mohammed A. Awadallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7815-8946"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182000528","display_name":"Ajman University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1rma10","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I207527440","display_name":"Al-Aqsa University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e99kh24","country_code":"PS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207527440"]}],"countries":["AE","PS"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed A. Awadallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates","Department of Computer Science, Al-Aqsa University, Gaza, Palestine","Department of Computer Science, Al-Aqsa University, P.O. Box 4051, Gaza, Palestine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Al-Aqsa University, Gaza, Palestine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207527440"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Al-Aqsa University, P.O. Box 4051, Gaza, Palestine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I207527440"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077953024","display_name":"Malik Braik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4180-3734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33926330","display_name":"Al-Balqa Applied University","ror":"https://ror.org/00qedmt22","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Malik Shehadeh Braik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan","Department of Computer Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, 19117, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, 19117, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33926330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024473397","display_name":"Sharif Naser Makhadmeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2894-7998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182000528","display_name":"Ajman University","ror":"https://ror.org/01j1rma10","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sharif Makhadmeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182000528"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003975347","display_name":"Iyad Abu Doush","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7200-0032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75535952","display_name":"American University of Kuwait","ror":"https://ror.org/00w73cg32","country_code":"KW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75535952"]}],"countries":["KW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Iyad Abu Doush","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, American University of Kuwait, Salmiya, Kuwait"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, American University of Kuwait, Salmiya, Kuwait","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75535952"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024473397","https://openalex.org/A5077953024","https://openalex.org/A5081678536","https://openalex.org/A5085661326"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182000528","https://openalex.org/I207527440","https://openalex.org/I33926330"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":38.865,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":167,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99861196,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"57","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11975","display_name":"Evolutionary Algorithms and Applications","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5925643444061279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-calving","display_name":"Ice calving","score":0.5820303559303284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.488519549369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/herd","display_name":"Herd","score":0.4716091752052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-breeder","display_name":"Seasonal breeder","score":0.45523881912231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.4391826093196869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.29189443588256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2688491940498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.2680266499519348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2481599748134613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demography","display_name":"Demography","score":0.1578086018562317}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5925643444061279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22641795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868757","display_name":"Ice calving","level":4,"score":0.5820303559303284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.488519549369812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194775826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209542","display_name":"Herd","level":2,"score":0.4716091752052307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102874275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914623","display_name":"Seasonal breeder","level":2,"score":0.45523881912231445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4391826093196869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.29189443588256836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2688491940498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.2680266499519348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2481599748134613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.1578086018562317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776659692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q719426","display_name":"Lactation","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-023-10680-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10680-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-023-10680-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10462-023-10680-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-023-10680-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-023-10680-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122814990","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","issn_l":"0269-2821","issn":["0269-2821","1573-7462"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.47999998927116394}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391750982.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4391750982.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":97,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25394682","https://openalex.org/W883434633","https://openalex.org/W1512383952","https://openalex.org/W1576660662","https://openalex.org/W1576818901","https://openalex.org/W1595159159","https://openalex.org/W1596914020","https://openalex.org/W1606402766","https://openalex.org/W1771399733","https://openalex.org/W1985460844","https://openalex.org/W1990966828","https://openalex.org/W1993885071","https://openalex.org/W1999284878","https://openalex.org/W2003961265","https://openalex.org/W2004617458","https://openalex.org/W2006694777","https://openalex.org/W2007351764","https://openalex.org/W2024060531","https://openalex.org/W2024518622","https://openalex.org/W2032982318","https://openalex.org/W2039577332","https://openalex.org/W2059700429","https://openalex.org/W2061438946","https://openalex.org/W2066878867","https://openalex.org/W2072955302","https://openalex.org/W2088609193","https://openalex.org/W2107941094","https://openalex.org/W2120219476","https://openalex.org/W2151554678","https://openalex.org/W2168081761","https://openalex.org/W2232317135","https://openalex.org/W2306115793","https://openalex.org/W2415359207","https://openalex.org/W2484029800","https://openalex.org/W2510227756","https://openalex.org/W2612450917","https://openalex.org/W2738900493","https://openalex.org/W2790662215","https://openalex.org/W2893020490","https://openalex.org/W2902421512","https://openalex.org/W2909846570","https://openalex.org/W2919979744","https://openalex.org/W2962182762","https://openalex.org/W2963103847","https://openalex.org/W2980570898","https://openalex.org/W2982291081","https://openalex.org/W2984191725","https://openalex.org/W2985845430","https://openalex.org/W3003212905","https://openalex.org/W3005582339","https://openalex.org/W3006962907","https://openalex.org/W3007040893","https://openalex.org/W3007907254","https://openalex.org/W3011104345","https://openalex.org/W3012087746","https://openalex.org/W3014974411","https://openalex.org/W3023716449","https://openalex.org/W3036044602","https://openalex.org/W3039133387","https://openalex.org/W3043211958","https://openalex.org/W3046463181","https://openalex.org/W3082894650","https://openalex.org/W3092123241","https://openalex.org/W3093394188","https://openalex.org/W3100933494","https://openalex.org/W3114640095","https://openalex.org/W3116138510","https://openalex.org/W3119051141","https://openalex.org/W3128504966","https://openalex.org/W3130680004","https://openalex.org/W3131207985","https://openalex.org/W3153757649","https://openalex.org/W3174866550","https://openalex.org/W3187846086","https://openalex.org/W3211156805","https://openalex.org/W4205453001","https://openalex.org/W4210580908","https://openalex.org/W4210747461","https://openalex.org/W4213080281","https://openalex.org/W4221032146","https://openalex.org/W4223633975","https://openalex.org/W4250503569","https://openalex.org/W4281687867","https://openalex.org/W4281859813","https://openalex.org/W4285029663","https://openalex.org/W4285492978","https://openalex.org/W4292083457","https://openalex.org/W4297348022","https://openalex.org/W4308101955","https://openalex.org/W4310071134","https://openalex.org/W4313334825","https://openalex.org/W4362700138","https://openalex.org/W4362724099","https://openalex.org/W4379378823","https://openalex.org/W4385737303","https://openalex.org/W4386458552","https://openalex.org/W6600088684"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3133517321","https://openalex.org/W123819693","https://openalex.org/W1964992271","https://openalex.org/W2560129655","https://openalex.org/W11699877","https://openalex.org/W2126858731","https://openalex.org/W2210506320","https://openalex.org/W2300235981","https://openalex.org/W1968591278","https://openalex.org/W2704123123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1,49,86],"paper":[2],"proposes":[3],"a":[4,65,146,292],"novel":[5],"nature-inspired":[6,298],"swarm-based":[7,299],"optimization":[8,92,96,224,234,300,309],"algorithm":[9,301],"called":[10],"elk":[11,24,40,124],"herd":[12,41,125],"optimizer":[13],"(EHO).":[14],"It":[15],"is":[16,51,88,165,209,219,295],"inspired":[17],"by":[18,275],"the":[19,23,36,39,60,73,95,110,132,143,158,169,189,206,212,228,255,259,265,280,283],"breeding":[20,30],"process":[21],"of":[22,46,70,99,148,163,172,194,217,282],"herd.":[25],"Elks":[26],"have":[27],"two":[28],"main":[29],"seasons:":[31],"rutting":[32,37,102,134,159],"and":[33,84,106,120,135,154,186,200,205,235,252],"calving.":[34],"In":[35,72,138,291],"season,":[38,75,103,105,112],"splits":[42],"into":[43,145],"different":[44],"families":[45,114],"various":[47],"sizes.":[48],"division":[50],"based":[52,167,182],"on":[53,168,183,232],"fighting":[54],"for":[55,129,262],"dominance":[56],"between":[57],"bulls,":[58,118],"where":[59,94],"stronger":[61],"bull":[62,83],"can":[63,303],"form":[64],"family":[66,77],"with":[67,151],"large":[68],"numbers":[69],"harems.":[71,85],"calving":[74,104,136,190],"each":[76,150],"breeds":[78],"new":[79,180,201],"calves":[80],"from":[81],"its":[82,173,184],"inspiration":[87],"set":[89,147],"in":[90,131,157,188,211,227],"an":[91,296],"context":[93],"loop":[97],"consists":[98],"three":[100],"operators:":[101],"selection":[107,111,213],"season.":[108,160,191,214],"During":[109],"all":[113,195,264],"are":[115,203],"merged,":[116],"including":[117,197],"harems,":[119],"calves.":[121],"The":[122,161,192,215,242],"fittest":[123,207],"will":[126,178],"be":[127,304],"selected":[128,210],"use":[130],"upcoming":[133],"seasons.":[137],"simple":[139],"words,":[140],"EHO":[141,218,257,285,294],"divides":[142],"population":[144,208],"groups,":[149],"one":[152],"leader":[153,174,185],"several":[155,308],"followers":[156,164,187],"number":[162],"determined":[166],"fitness":[170],"value":[171],"group.":[175],"Each":[176],"group":[177],"generate":[179],"solutions":[181,202],"members":[193],"groups":[196],"leaders,":[198],"followers,":[199],"combined":[204],"performance":[216],"assessed":[220],"using":[221,271],"29":[222],"benchmark":[223,266],"problems":[225],"utilized":[226],"CEC-2017":[229],"special":[230],"sessions":[231],"real-parameter":[233],"four":[236],"traditional":[237],"real-world":[238],"engineering":[239],"design":[240],"problems.":[241,310],"comparative":[243],"results":[244,261],"were":[245],"conducted":[246],"against":[247],"ten":[248],"well-established":[249],"metaheuristic":[250],"algorithms":[251],"showed":[253],"that":[254,302],"proposed":[256,284],"yielded":[258],"best":[260],"almost":[263],"functions":[267],"used.":[268],"Statistical":[269],"testing":[270],"Friedman\u2019s":[272],"test":[273,277],"post-hocked":[274],"Holm\u2019s":[276],"function":[278],"confirms":[279],"superiority":[281],"when":[286],"compared":[287],"to":[288,306],"other":[289],"methods.":[290],"nutshell,":[293],"efficient":[297],"used":[305],"tackle":[307]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":90},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25}],"updated_date":"2026-08-22T07:34:49.880490","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}