{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3128925517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-021-01012-x","title":"Landmarks in wayfinding: a review of the existing literature","display_name":"Landmarks in wayfinding: a review of the existing literature","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3128925517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-021-01012-x","mag":"3128925517","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33682034"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10339-021-01012-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-021-01012-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10339-021-01012-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99753134","display_name":"Cognitive Processing","issn_l":"1612-4782","issn":["1612-4782","1612-4790"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10339-021-01012-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089421014","display_name":"Demet Ye\u015filtepe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2409-6687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Demet Yesiltepe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. demet.yesiltepe@northumbria.ac.uk","Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. demet.yesiltepe@northumbria.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047222739","display_name":"Ruth Dalton","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9594-1724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruth Conroy Dalton","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062214470","display_name":"Ay\u015fe \u00d6zbil Torun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5707-1235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","display_name":"Northumbria University","ror":"https://ror.org/049e6bc10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayse Ozbil Torun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089421014"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"apc_list":{"value":2690,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3390},"apc_paid":{"value":2690,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3390},"fwci":6.043,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":99,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96960192,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"369","last_page":"410"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11904","display_name":"Spatial Cognition and Navigation","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10757","display_name":"Geographic Information Systems Studies","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.9215999841690063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salience","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","score":0.8067350387573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.7150869965553284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/landmark","display_name":"Landmark","score":0.5616788268089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5511356592178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5022132396697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-map","display_name":"Cognitive map","score":0.4862422049045563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.4512547254562378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-cognition","display_name":"Spatial cognition","score":0.44359737634658813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4362643361091614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4118924140930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3954257369041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.37870949506759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3051496744155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.1678674817085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.12734058499336243}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108154423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469792","display_name":"Salience (neuroscience)","level":2,"score":0.8067350387573242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.7150869965553284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780297707","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895393","display_name":"Landmark","level":2,"score":0.5616788268089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5511356592178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5022132396697998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170494330","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778434","display_name":"Cognitive map","level":3,"score":0.4862422049045563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4512547254562378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777371692","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2178611","display_name":"Spatial cognition","level":3,"score":0.44359737634658813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4362643361091614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4118924140930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3954257369041443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.37870949506759644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3051496744155884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.1678674817085266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.12734058499336243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021641","descriptor_name":"Recognition, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D021641","descriptor_name":"Recognition, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D021641","descriptor_name":"Recognition, Psychology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10339-021-01012-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-021-01012-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10339-021-01012-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99753134","display_name":"Cognitive Processing","issn_l":"1612-4782","issn":["1612-4782","1612-4790"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33682034","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33682034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive processing","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:nrl.northumbria.ac.uk:45346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401884","display_name":"Northumbria Research Link (Northumbria University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I32394136","host_organization_name":"Northumbria University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32394136"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lancs.ac.uk:152904","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/152904/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401916","display_name":"Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","host_organization_name":"Lancaster University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8324579","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8324579","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Cogn Process","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10339-021-01012-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-021-01012-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10339-021-01012-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S99753134","display_name":"Cognitive Processing","issn_l":"1612-4782","issn":["1612-4782","1612-4790"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Processing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128925517.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3128925517.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W92077514","https://openalex.org/W117297869","https://openalex.org/W192354785","https://openalex.org/W301050564","https://openalex.org/W1058112597","https://openalex.org/W1156638811","https://openalex.org/W1480883159","https://openalex.org/W1484803940","https://openalex.org/W1507563178","https://openalex.org/W1507826200","https://openalex.org/W1508456686","https://openalex.org/W1529253181","https://openalex.org/W1530109122","https://openalex.org/W1530236811","https://openalex.org/W1533501648","https://openalex.org/W1538372377","https://openalex.org/W1544772936","https://openalex.org/W1574611684","https://openalex.org/W1587812356","https://openalex.org/W1869918094","https://openalex.org/W1900841621","https://openalex.org/W1966208307","https://openalex.org/W1968826171","https://openalex.org/W1971411382","https://openalex.org/W1973322906","https://openalex.org/W1980872084","https://openalex.org/W1981513240","https://openalex.org/W1985348174","https://openalex.org/W2000988636","https://openalex.org/W2006488799","https://openalex.org/W2010566104","https://openalex.org/W2016973934","https://openalex.org/W2019224054","https://openalex.org/W2025460612","https://openalex.org/W2025784353","https://openalex.org/W2030903331","https://openalex.org/W2039039191","https://openalex.org/W2041421224","https://openalex.org/W2043560067","https://openalex.org/W2044853203","https://openalex.org/W2054918192","https://openalex.org/W2055092200","https://openalex.org/W2065483673","https://openalex.org/W2073562571","https://openalex.org/W2074041832","https://openalex.org/W2080493348","https://openalex.org/W2082055953","https://openalex.org/W2092651891","https://openalex.org/W2093166828","https://openalex.org/W2093961817","https://openalex.org/W2095210161","https://openalex.org/W2104827858","https://openalex.org/W2112404266","https://openalex.org/W2115113692","https://openalex.org/W2125273070","https://openalex.org/W2126505864","https://openalex.org/W2129381380","https://openalex.org/W2130706808","https://openalex.org/W2133412135","https://openalex.org/W2134303627","https://openalex.org/W2139159772","https://openalex.org/W2144273815","https://openalex.org/W2165262265","https://openalex.org/W2169254376","https://openalex.org/W2171792512","https://openalex.org/W2257522153","https://openalex.org/W2287413000","https://openalex.org/W2294846947","https://openalex.org/W2296496099","https://openalex.org/W2336427225","https://openalex.org/W2399955950","https://openalex.org/W2472284148","https://openalex.org/W2480469201","https://openalex.org/W2490400851","https://openalex.org/W2520352798","https://openalex.org/W2570477762","https://openalex.org/W2575023423","https://openalex.org/W2579630077","https://openalex.org/W2584387629","https://openalex.org/W2594159138","https://openalex.org/W2605293395","https://openalex.org/W2613072132","https://openalex.org/W2743419157","https://openalex.org/W2774938656","https://openalex.org/W2800681792","https://openalex.org/W2884328985","https://openalex.org/W2888875123","https://openalex.org/W2911724393","https://openalex.org/W3001946632","https://openalex.org/W3080092187","https://openalex.org/W3081134644","https://openalex.org/W3167090703","https://openalex.org/W4205511608","https://openalex.org/W4312693843"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2336427225","https://openalex.org/W4200440057","https://openalex.org/W2122398932","https://openalex.org/W3180241400","https://openalex.org/W1720866381","https://openalex.org/W4253555609","https://openalex.org/W2946318035","https://openalex.org/W2591931773","https://openalex.org/W122049602","https://openalex.org/W2911724393"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Landmarks":[0],"are":[1,67,73,108],"accepted":[2],"as":[3,118,120],"one":[4],"of":[5,23,30,46,90,116,137],"the":[6,24,28,64,88],"vital":[7],"elements":[8],"in":[9,32,35,55],"both":[10],"virtual":[11],"and":[12,39,49,52,63,69,100,122],"real":[13],"environments":[14,38],"during":[15,111],"wayfinding":[16,33,112],"tasks.":[17,113],"This":[18],"paper":[19],"provides":[20],"an":[21],"overview":[22],"existing":[25],"literature":[26],"on":[27,87,98],"selection":[29,89],"landmarks":[31,97,117],"mostly":[34,84],"large-scale":[36],"urban":[37],"outdoors":[40],"by":[41],"discussing":[42],"two":[43],"main":[44,65],"aspects":[45],"landmarks:":[47],"visibility":[48,115],"salience.":[50],"Environments":[51],"layouts":[53],"used":[54],"previous":[56],"studies,":[57],"different":[58,131,135],"tasks":[59,133],"given":[60],"to":[61,126],"people":[62],"findings":[66],"explained":[68],"compared.":[70],"Summary":[71],"tables":[72],"created":[74],"from":[75],"these":[76],"findings.":[77],"The":[78],"review":[79],"concludes":[80],"that":[81],"there":[82],"is":[83],"a":[85,106],"consensus":[86],"landmarks,":[91],"when":[92],"considering":[93],"their":[94],"location.":[95],"Accordingly,":[96],"route":[99],"also":[101],"at":[102],"decision":[103],"points":[104],"(with":[105],"turn)":[107],"more":[109],"effective":[110],"However,":[114],"well":[119],"visual":[121],"cognitive":[123],"saliency":[124],"need":[125],"be":[127],"further":[128],"investigated":[129],"using":[130],"environments,":[132],"or":[134],"levels":[136],"familiarity":[138],"with":[139],"environments.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
