{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2990475267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10288-019-00424-y","title":"Quantum Bridge Analytics I: a tutorial on formulating and using QUBO models","display_name":"Quantum Bridge Analytics I: a tutorial on formulating and using QUBO models","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2990475267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10288-019-00424-y","mag":"2990475267"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10288-019-00424-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10288-019-00424-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191715","display_name":"4OR","issn_l":"1614-2411","issn":["1614-2411","1619-4500"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"4OR","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068174754","display_name":"Fred Glover","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-0438"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I188538660","display_name":"University of Colorado Boulder","ror":"https://ror.org/02ttsq026","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fred Glover","raw_affiliation_strings":["ECEE, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-0438","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ECEE, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80302, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059123284","display_name":"Gary Kochenberger","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gary Kochenberger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032577340","display_name":"Yu Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6286-4814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921990950","display_name":"University of Colorado Denver","ror":"https://ror.org/02hh7en24","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, University of Colorado at Denver, Denver, CO, 80217, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921990950"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068174754"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I188538660"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.5144,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":259,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99117818,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"335","last_page":"371"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-unconstrained-binary-optimization","display_name":"Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization","score":0.7937034368515015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7042807340621948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridge","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","score":0.6874189376831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.6294781565666199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.6282744407653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.6045013070106506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5332500338554382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-annealing","display_name":"Quantum annealing","score":0.514385998249054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.45078882575035095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.4485968351364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.4274842441082001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.37549108266830444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3535304069519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.350249707698822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20403817296028137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177179195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268372","display_name":"Quadratic unconstrained binary optimization","level":4,"score":0.7937034368515015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7042807340621948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100776233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2532492","display_name":"Bridge (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.6874189376831055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.6294781565666199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.6282744407653809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.6045013070106506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5332500338554382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90408235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938141","display_name":"Quantum annealing","level":4,"score":0.514385998249054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.45078882575035095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4485968351364136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.4274842441082001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.37549108266830444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3535304069519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.350249707698822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20403817296028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10288-019-00424-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10288-019-00424-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191715","display_name":"4OR","issn_l":"1614-2411","issn":["1614-2411","1619-4500"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"4OR","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:spr:aqjoor:v:17:y:2019:i:4:d:10.1007_s10288-019-00424-y","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10288-019-00424-y","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":76,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168358347","https://openalex.org/W179940750","https://openalex.org/W194762931","https://openalex.org/W608402775","https://openalex.org/W1568345435","https://openalex.org/W1614084072","https://openalex.org/W1774926842","https://openalex.org/W1809865957","https://openalex.org/W1987615786","https://openalex.org/W1987752805","https://openalex.org/W1990560539","https://openalex.org/W2003648292","https://openalex.org/W2009260807","https://openalex.org/W2029863760","https://openalex.org/W2030735938","https://openalex.org/W2037618925","https://openalex.org/W2039122980","https://openalex.org/W2045387243","https://openalex.org/W2047003964","https://openalex.org/W2050865875","https://openalex.org/W2067612530","https://openalex.org/W2074078071","https://openalex.org/W2082885489","https://openalex.org/W2090382945","https://openalex.org/W2091858563","https://openalex.org/W2095464687","https://openalex.org/W2095703590","https://openalex.org/W2095984596","https://openalex.org/W2099741751","https://openalex.org/W2107107185","https://openalex.org/W2117762142","https://openalex.org/W2147238273","https://openalex.org/W2158984240","https://openalex.org/W2301551834","https://openalex.org/W2339500526","https://openalex.org/W2500747461","https://openalex.org/W2605422054","https://openalex.org/W2617559567","https://openalex.org/W2735281769","https://openalex.org/W2767146126","https://openalex.org/W2786959618","https://openalex.org/W2789080953","https://openalex.org/W2887230019","https://openalex.org/W2887425801","https://openalex.org/W2891600955","https://openalex.org/W2895421738","https://openalex.org/W2897064005","https://openalex.org/W2900877887","https://openalex.org/W2900962211","https://openalex.org/W2901067438","https://openalex.org/W2901999249","https://openalex.org/W2908491968","https://openalex.org/W2913855964","https://openalex.org/W2914574155","https://openalex.org/W2917807404","https://openalex.org/W2919844071","https://openalex.org/W2962780128","https://openalex.org/W2963546261","https://openalex.org/W2963757591","https://openalex.org/W2965581393","https://openalex.org/W2978518535","https://openalex.org/W3005644271","https://openalex.org/W3021663328","https://openalex.org/W3100894865","https://openalex.org/W3103149790","https://openalex.org/W3103169934","https://openalex.org/W3122406616","https://openalex.org/W4211250195","https://openalex.org/W4212899374","https://openalex.org/W4240136017","https://openalex.org/W4243924253","https://openalex.org/W6600336842","https://openalex.org/W6601935153","https://openalex.org/W6635927623","https://openalex.org/W6678261470","https://openalex.org/W6825821319"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2792041247","https://openalex.org/W4316012214","https://openalex.org/W4353115123","https://openalex.org/W4317423769","https://openalex.org/W3044874919","https://openalex.org/W4225630764","https://openalex.org/W3035402856","https://openalex.org/W4200629338","https://openalex.org/W3000716433","https://openalex.org/W4316658463"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":46},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-15T08:27:34.491423","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}