{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4400226676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-024-01186-8","title":"Fine-Tuned Large Language Model for Extracting Patients on Pretreatment for Lung Cancer from a Picture Archiving and Communication System Based on Radiological Reports","display_name":"Fine-Tuned Large Language Model for Extracting Patients on Pretreatment for Lung Cancer from a Picture Archiving and Communication System Based on Radiological Reports","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4400226676","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-024-01186-8","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38955964"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10278-024-01186-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-024-01186-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10278-024-01186-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393920007","display_name":"Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine","issn_l":"2948-2925","issn":["2948-2925","2948-2933"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10278-024-01186-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091362239","display_name":"Koichiro Yasaka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0324-6562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Koichiro Yasaka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan. koyasaka@gmail.com","Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0324-6562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan. koyasaka@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093317450","display_name":"Jun Kanzawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8203-8665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Kanzawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066207192","display_name":"Noriko Kanemaru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0864-7154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noriko Kanemaru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003348945","display_name":"Saori Koshino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3098-6061"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saori Koshino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021091713","display_name":"Osamu Abe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1180-2629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osamu Abe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091362239"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.97,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9842632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"1","first_page":"327","last_page":"334"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10307","display_name":"Head and Neck Cancer Studies","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2733","display_name":"Otorhinolaryngology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiological-weapon","display_name":"Radiological weapon","score":0.8420429229736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung-cancer","display_name":"Lung cancer","score":0.7962760329246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.6329940557479858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.5021834373474121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.4928901195526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiological-imaging","display_name":"Radiological imaging","score":0.4522252678871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.4148937463760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.39385098218917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3896177411079407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3135184943675995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oncology","display_name":"Oncology","score":0.15905430912971497}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190892606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3512464","display_name":"Radiological weapon","level":2,"score":0.8420429229736328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776256026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47912","display_name":"Lung cancer","level":2,"score":0.7962760329246521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6329940557479858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.5021834373474121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4928901195526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994024180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Radiological imaging","level":2,"score":0.4522252678871155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.4148937463760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.39385098218917847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3896177411079407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3135184943675995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143998085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162555","display_name":"Oncology","level":1,"score":0.15905430912971497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098342","descriptor_name":"Large Language Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000532","qualifier_name":"radiotherapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000532","qualifier_name":"radiotherapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000532","qualifier_name":"radiotherapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011873","descriptor_name":"Radiology Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011873","descriptor_name":"Radiology Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011873","descriptor_name":"Radiology Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011873","descriptor_name":"Radiology Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011873","descriptor_name":"Radiology Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10278-024-01186-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-024-01186-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10278-024-01186-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393920007","display_name":"Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine","issn_l":"2948-2925","issn":["2948-2925","2948-2933"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38955964","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38955964","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of imaging informatics in medicine","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11811339","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11811339","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11811339/pdf/10278_2024_Article_1186.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Imaging Inform Med","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10278-024-01186-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-024-01186-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10278-024-01186-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393920007","display_name":"Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine","issn_l":"2948-2925","issn":["2948-2925","2948-2933"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322832","display_name":"University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4400226676.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2765571304","https://openalex.org/W2767236661","https://openalex.org/W2789956930","https://openalex.org/W2901219454","https://openalex.org/W3128646645","https://openalex.org/W3170419072","https://openalex.org/W4310985374","https://openalex.org/W4318069287","https://openalex.org/W4376277371","https://openalex.org/W4376640706","https://openalex.org/W4384626331","https://openalex.org/W4387472906","https://openalex.org/W4387473362"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2131890314","https://openalex.org/W2094719892","https://openalex.org/W2464420520","https://openalex.org/W3173632689","https://openalex.org/W3208510144","https://openalex.org/W2330494972","https://openalex.org/W2402613944","https://openalex.org/W2412867219","https://openalex.org/W4214604815","https://openalex.org/W4315753308"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"aimed":[2],"to":[3,126,238],"investigate":[4],"the":[5,41,69,111,118,135,140,144,150,175],"performance":[6,138,237],"of":[7,34,68,117,139,174],"a":[8,241],"fine-tuned":[9,176],"large":[10],"language":[11],"model":[12,142],"(LLM)":[13],"in":[14,57,134,143,149,167,240],"extracting":[15],"patients":[16,227],"on":[17,62,228],"pretreatment":[18,229],"for":[19,46,49,53,101,191,211,230],"lung":[20,43,89,94,102,231],"cancer":[21,44,95,232],"from":[22,233],"picture":[23],"archiving":[24],"and":[25,29,51,65,104,113,162,180,186,199,205,217],"communication":[26],"systems":[27],"(PACS)":[28],"comparing":[30],"it":[31],"with":[32,235],"that":[33],"radiologists.":[35],"Patients":[36],"whose":[37],"radiological":[38,70,169],"reports":[39],"contained":[40],"term":[42],"(3111":[45],"training,":[47],"124":[48],"validation,":[50],"288":[52],"test)":[54],"were":[55,77,132,164],"included":[56],"this":[58],"retrospective":[59],"study.":[60],"Based":[61],"clinical":[63],"indication":[64],"diagnosis":[66],"sections":[67],"report":[71],"(used":[72,82],"as":[73,83],"input":[74],"data),":[75],"they":[76],"classified":[78],"into":[79],"four":[80],"groups":[81],"reference":[84],"data):":[85],"group":[86,91,97,105,127,129,193],"0":[87],"(no":[88],"cancer),":[90,103],"1":[92,161],"(pretreatment":[93],"present),":[96],"2":[98,130,182,201,219],"(after":[99],"treatment":[100],"3":[106],"(planning":[107],"radiation":[108],"therapy).":[109],"Using":[110],"training":[112],"validation":[114,145],"datasets,":[115],"fine-tuning":[116],"pretrained":[119],"LLM":[120,224],"was":[121,147,183,202,220],"conducted":[122],"ten":[123],"times.":[124],"Due":[125],"imbalance,":[128],"data":[131],"undersampled":[133],"training.":[136],"The":[137,171,189,208],"best-performing":[141],"dataset":[146],"assessed":[148],"independent":[151],"test":[152],"dataset.":[153],"For":[154],"testing":[155],"purposes,":[156],"two":[157],"other":[158],"radiologists":[159,239],"(readers":[160],"2)":[163],"also":[165],"involved":[166],"classifying":[168],"reports.":[170],"overall":[172],"accuracy":[173],"LLM,":[177,196,214],"reader":[178,181,197,200,215,218],"1,":[179,198,216],"0.983,":[184],"0.969,":[185,187],"respectively.":[188,207,222],"sensitivity":[190],"differentiating":[192],"0/1/2/3":[194],"by":[195,213],"1.000/0.948/0.991/1.000,":[203],"0.750/0.879/0.996/1.000,":[204],"1.000/0.931/0.978/1.000,":[206],"time":[209],"required":[210],"classification":[212],"46s/2539s/1538s,":[221],"Fine-tuned":[223],"effectively":[225],"extracted":[226],"PACS":[234],"comparable":[236],"shorter":[242],"time.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}