{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3133822294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-021-00418-5","title":"Deep Learning\u2013Based Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Grading System Employing Quadrant Ensemble Model","display_name":"Deep Learning\u2013Based Diabetic Retinopathy Severity Grading System Employing Quadrant Ensemble Model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3133822294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-021-00418-5","mag":"3133822294","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33686525"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10278-021-00418-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-021-00418-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62275304","display_name":"Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine","issn_l":"0897-1889","issn":["0897-1889","1618-727X","2948-2925","2948-2933"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Digital Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8289963","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015579219","display_name":"Charu Bhardwaj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8954-7912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153954893","display_name":"Jaypee University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hshrf16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153954893"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charu Bhardwaj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JUIT Waknaghat, Solan, HP, India. cbcharubhardwaj215@gmail.com","Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JUIT Waknaghat, Solan, HP, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8954-7912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JUIT Waknaghat, Solan, HP, India. cbcharubhardwaj215@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153954893"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JUIT Waknaghat, Solan, HP, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153954893"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052352119","display_name":"Shruti Jain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7538-0584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153954893","display_name":"Jaypee University of Information Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00hshrf16","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153954893"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shruti Jain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JUIT Waknaghat, Solan, HP, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, JUIT Waknaghat, Solan, HP, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153954893"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022426484","display_name":"Meenakshi Sood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2422-2471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094717","display_name":"National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rpc7w94","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094717"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meenakshi Sood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of CDC, NITTTR, Chandigarh, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of CDC, NITTTR, Chandigarh, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094717"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015579219"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153954893"],"apc_list":{"value":4190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4190},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9869,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98239571,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"2","first_page":"440","last_page":"457"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7513159513473511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7068158984184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.6043483018875122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","score":0.5508617162704468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grading","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","score":0.45452064275741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4327225089073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42536279559135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-equalization","display_name":"Histogram equalization","score":0.416096955537796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.3223220407962799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.18383702635765076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.08682727813720703}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7513159513473511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7068158984184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.6043483018875122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.5508617162704468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777286243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591926","display_name":"Grading (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.45452064275741577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4327225089073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42536279559135437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136943445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970240","display_name":"Histogram equalization","level":4,"score":0.416096955537796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.3223220407962799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.18383702635765076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.08682727813720703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003930","descriptor_name":"Diabetic Retinopathy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10278-021-00418-5","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-021-00418-5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62275304","display_name":"Journal of Imaging Informatics in Medicine","issn_l":"0897-1889","issn":["0897-1889","1618-727X","2948-2925","2948-2933"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Digital Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33686525","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33686525","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of digital imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8289963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8289963","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Digit Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8289963","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8289963","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Digit Imaging","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5799999833106995,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W575503930","https://openalex.org/W1091878006","https://openalex.org/W1414145206","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1969496006","https://openalex.org/W1981276685","https://openalex.org/W1996151979","https://openalex.org/W2063295656","https://openalex.org/W2073996209","https://openalex.org/W2105715484","https://openalex.org/W2107871626","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2145305441","https://openalex.org/W2150769593","https://openalex.org/W2154579312","https://openalex.org/W2171651020","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2239579562","https://openalex.org/W2307692230","https://openalex.org/W2538126215","https://openalex.org/W2560296451","https://openalex.org/W2601983126","https://openalex.org/W2604548710","https://openalex.org/W2613482391","https://openalex.org/W2616171090","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2626629100","https://openalex.org/W2755990594","https://openalex.org/W2767783253","https://openalex.org/W2769713325","https://openalex.org/W2789816877","https://openalex.org/W2791447208","https://openalex.org/W2810170988","https://openalex.org/W2828862258","https://openalex.org/W2887272689","https://openalex.org/W2899893608","https://openalex.org/W2905190941","https://openalex.org/W2906424845","https://openalex.org/W2906455801","https://openalex.org/W2911492792","https://openalex.org/W2921462433","https://openalex.org/W2954073115","https://openalex.org/W2964508329","https://openalex.org/W2981826026","https://openalex.org/W2983395335","https://openalex.org/W3009392671","https://openalex.org/W3010945169","https://openalex.org/W3085166987","https://openalex.org/W3103891644","https://openalex.org/W6600553734"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057981026","https://openalex.org/W2256021896","https://openalex.org/W2181573213","https://openalex.org/W2398368608","https://openalex.org/W1990492110","https://openalex.org/W1583737874","https://openalex.org/W2122866860","https://openalex.org/W2024449420","https://openalex.org/W2903465195","https://openalex.org/W2015321244"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}