{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3123721501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-020-00398-y","title":"Building Large-Scale Quantitative Imaging Databases with Multi-Scale Deep Reinforcement Learning: Initial Experience with Whole-Body Organ Volumetric Analyses","display_name":"Building Large-Scale Quantitative Imaging Databases with Multi-Scale Deep Reinforcement Learning: Initial Experience with Whole-Body Organ Volumetric Analyses","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3123721501","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-020-00398-y","mag":"3123721501","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33469724"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10278-020-00398-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-020-00398-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10278-020-00398-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62275304","display_name":"Journal of Digital Imaging","issn_l":"0897-1889","issn":["0897-1889","1618-727X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Digital Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10278-020-00398-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015373812","display_name":"David Winkel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7051-8022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802542264","display_name":"University Hospital of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/04k51q396","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802542264"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"David J. Winkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland. davidjean.winkel@usb.ch","Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland. davidjean.winkel@usb.ch","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802542264"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060008005","display_name":"Hanns\u2010Christian Breit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3612-1341"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802542264","display_name":"University Hospital of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/04k51q396","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802542264"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanns-Christian Breit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802542264"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004243362","display_name":"Thomas Weikert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9274-053X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802542264","display_name":"University Hospital of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/04k51q396","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802542264"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas J. Weikert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802542264"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013671245","display_name":"Bram Stieltjes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5961-802X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802542264","display_name":"University Hospital of Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/04k51q396","country_code":"CH","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802542264"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bram Stieltjes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Basel-Stadt, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802542264"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015373812"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802542264"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4190},"fwci":0.6936,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68346864,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"124","last_page":"133"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11885","display_name":"MRI in cancer diagnosis","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interquartile-range","display_name":"Interquartile range","score":0.5424637794494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.45994019508361816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-medicine","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","score":0.42930367588996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung","display_name":"Lung","score":0.4174349904060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.21363726258277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.09329360723495483}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119060515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1916617","display_name":"Interquartile range","level":2,"score":0.5424637794494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.45994019508361816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214963","display_name":"Nuclear medicine","level":1,"score":0.42930367588996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777714996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886","display_name":"Lung","level":2,"score":0.4174349904060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.21363726258277893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.09329360723495483}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013154","descriptor_name":"Spleen","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013154","descriptor_name":"Spleen","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013154","descriptor_name":"Spleen","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10278-020-00398-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-020-00398-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10278-020-00398-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62275304","display_name":"Journal of Digital Imaging","issn_l":"0897-1889","issn":["0897-1889","1618-727X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Digital Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:33469724","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33469724","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of digital imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7887142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7887142","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Digit Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10278-020-00398-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-020-00398-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10278-020-00398-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62275304","display_name":"Journal of Digital Imaging","issn_l":"0897-1889","issn":["0897-1889","1618-727X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Digital Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310466","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6k3f65"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316261","display_name":"Universit\u00e4tsspital Basel","ror":"https://ror.org/04k51q396"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324346","display_name":"Schweizerische Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Radiologie","ror":"https://ror.org/01w0j5472"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3123721501.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3123721501.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W29951291","https://openalex.org/W1971396017","https://openalex.org/W2009688932","https://openalex.org/W2052788412","https://openalex.org/W2073171674","https://openalex.org/W2075409756","https://openalex.org/W2097169271","https://openalex.org/W2104939030","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2153784828","https://openalex.org/W2193629748","https://openalex.org/W2193890200","https://openalex.org/W2627007876","https://openalex.org/W2722180625","https://openalex.org/W2738232076","https://openalex.org/W2752894589","https://openalex.org/W2771590529","https://openalex.org/W2791899075","https://openalex.org/W2908185336","https://openalex.org/W2944619520","https://openalex.org/W2974837498","https://openalex.org/W3009214135","https://openalex.org/W6631026904"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W1506200166","https://openalex.org/W1489783725","https://openalex.org/W2148612803"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"explore":[1],"the":[2,22,32,120,156,175,180,185],"feasibility":[3],"of":[4,24,101,174,207,211],"a":[5,204],"fully":[6],"automated":[7],"workflow":[8],"for":[9,50,75,87,108,119,155,229],"whole-body":[10],"volumetric":[11,219],"analyses":[12,100],"based":[13],"on":[14,31,184],"deep":[15],"reinforcement":[16],"learning":[17],"(DRL)":[18],"and":[19,27,46,62,80,90,112,123,125,149,154,158,164,213],"to":[20,106],"investigate":[21],"influence":[23],"contrast-phase":[25],"(CP)":[26],"slice":[28,182],"thickness":[29,183],"(ST)":[30],"calculated":[33,116],"organ":[34,54,58,68,82,117,186],"volume.":[35],"This":[36],"retrospective":[37],"study":[38],"included":[39],"431":[40],"multiphasic":[41],"CT":[42],"datasets-including":[43],"three":[44],"CP":[45,111,212],"two":[47],"ST":[48],"reconstructions":[49],"abdominal":[51,57],"organs-totaling":[52],"10,508":[53],"volumes":[55,69,89,118,129,224],"(10,344":[56],"volumes:":[59],"liver,":[60,121],"spleen,":[61,122],"kidneys,":[63],"164":[64],"lung":[65,160],"volumes).":[66],"Whole-body":[67],"were":[70,96,104],"determined":[71],"using":[72,199],"multi-scale":[73],"DRL":[74],"3D":[76,81],"anatomical":[77],"landmark":[78],"detection":[79],"segmentation.":[83],"Total":[84],"processing":[85,206],"time":[86,93,190],"all":[88],"mean":[91],"calculation":[92],"per":[94,191],"case":[95,192],"recorded.":[97],"Repeated":[98],"measures":[99],"variance":[102],"(ANOVA)":[103],"conducted":[105],"test":[107],"robustness":[109],"considering":[110],"ST.":[113],"The":[114,196,221],"algorithm":[115],"right":[124,157],"left":[126,159],"kidney":[127],"(mean":[128],"in":[130],"milliliter":[131],"(interquartile":[132],"range),":[133],"portal":[134],"venous":[135],"CP,":[136],"5":[137],"mm":[138],"ST:":[139],"1868.6":[140],"(1426.9,":[141],"2157.8),":[142],"350.19":[143],"(45.46,":[144],"395.26),":[145],"186.30":[146],"(147.05,":[147],"214.99)":[148],"181.91":[150],"(143.22,":[151],"210.35),":[152],"respectively),":[153],"(2363.1":[161],"(1746.3,":[162],"2851.3)":[163],"1950.9":[165],"(1335.2,":[166],"2414.2)).":[167],"We":[168],"found":[169],"no":[170],"statistically":[171],"significant":[172],"effects":[173],"variable":[176,181],"contrast":[177],"phase":[178],"or":[179],"volumes.":[187],"Mean":[188],"computational":[189],"was":[193],"10":[194],"seconds.":[195],"evaluated":[197],"approach,":[198],"state-of-the":[200],"art":[201],"DRL,":[202],"enables":[203],"fast":[205],"substantial":[208],"amounts":[209],"irrespective":[210],"ST,":[214],"allowing":[215],"building":[216],"up":[217],"organ-specific":[218],"databases.":[220],"thus":[222],"derived":[223],"may":[225],"serve":[226],"as":[227],"reference":[228],"quantitative":[230],"imaging":[231],"follow-up.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}