{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4410388247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-025-01289-y","title":"An empirical study of manual abstraction between class diagrams and code of open-source systems","display_name":"An empirical study of manual abstraction between class diagrams and code of open-source systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4410388247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-025-01289-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10270-025-01289-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-025-01289-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10270-025-01289-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64245694","display_name":"Software & Systems Modeling","issn_l":"1619-1366","issn":["1619-1366","1619-1374"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software and Systems Modeling","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10270-025-01289-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100318942","display_name":"Wenli Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6781-2826"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenli Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912","https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101543334","display_name":"Weixing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2890-6034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912","https://openalex.org/I881427289"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000688587","display_name":"Daniel Str\u00fcber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5969-3521"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66862912","display_name":"Chalmers University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/040wg7k59","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66862912"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I881427289","display_name":"University of Gothenburg","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","display_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","ror":"https://ror.org/016xsfp80","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}],"countries":["NL","SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Str\u00fcber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","Department of Software Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912","https://openalex.org/I881427289"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017449010","display_name":"Regina Hebig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1459-2081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4665924","display_name":"University of Rostock","ror":"https://ror.org/03zdwsf69","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4665924"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Regina Hebig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4665924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100318942"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66862912","https://openalex.org/I881427289"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":6.9208,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96211876,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"6","first_page":"1797","last_page":"1823"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11450","display_name":"Model-Driven Software Engineering Techniques","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9898999929428101,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7102272510528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6650499105453491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.6197729110717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5744062066078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class-diagram","display_name":"Class diagram","score":0.5620255470275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.5176209211349487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/source-code","display_name":"Source code","score":0.5072343349456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.49875330924987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.23719924688339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unified-modeling-language","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","score":0.15232780575752258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.098565012216568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.06719827651977539}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7102272510528564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6650499105453491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.6197729110717773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5744062066078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202446494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664166","display_name":"Class diagram","level":4,"score":0.5620255470275879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.5176209211349487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.5072343349456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.49875330924987793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.23719924688339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145644426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169411","display_name":"Unified Modeling Language","level":3,"score":0.15232780575752258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.098565012216568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.06719827651977539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10270-025-01289-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-025-01289-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10270-025-01289-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64245694","display_name":"Software & Systems Modeling","issn_l":"1619-1366","issn":["1619-1366","1619-1374"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software and Systems Modeling","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ubn.ru.nl:2066/325935","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2066/325935","pdf_url":"https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//bitstream/handle/2066/325935/325935.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401067","display_name":"Radboud Repository (Radboud University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145872427","host_organization_name":"Radboud University Nijmegen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145872427"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article / Letter to editor"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10270-025-01289-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10270-025-01289-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10270-025-01289-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S64245694","display_name":"Software & Systems Modeling","issn_l":"1619-1366","issn":["1619-1366","1619-1374"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Software and Systems Modeling","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323421","display_name":"G\u00f6teborgs Universitet","ror":"https://ror.org/01tm6cn81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410388247.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4410388247.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1159006237","https://openalex.org/W1572112458","https://openalex.org/W1967694736","https://openalex.org/W2006267758","https://openalex.org/W2008435703","https://openalex.org/W2050344571","https://openalex.org/W2059379914","https://openalex.org/W2060881513","https://openalex.org/W2061467503","https://openalex.org/W2064828482","https://openalex.org/W2065935256","https://openalex.org/W2091443128","https://openalex.org/W2102066001","https://openalex.org/W2131566236","https://openalex.org/W2145400454","https://openalex.org/W2165568289","https://openalex.org/W2339177863","https://openalex.org/W2518240829","https://openalex.org/W2525290333","https://openalex.org/W2548895182","https://openalex.org/W2725411909","https://openalex.org/W2730466056","https://openalex.org/W2890801208","https://openalex.org/W2894791292","https://openalex.org/W2895788995","https://openalex.org/W2897344898","https://openalex.org/W2913685706","https://openalex.org/W2981618676","https://openalex.org/W3094814405","https://openalex.org/W3095641502","https://openalex.org/W3132748281","https://openalex.org/W3173543662","https://openalex.org/W4285227815","https://openalex.org/W4312207856","https://openalex.org/W4386802397","https://openalex.org/W4389630078","https://openalex.org/W4390097989","https://openalex.org/W4399465031","https://openalex.org/W4410388247","https://openalex.org/W6778883912"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2388618932","https://openalex.org/W2045155990","https://openalex.org/W4313163053","https://openalex.org/W4300973204","https://openalex.org/W2113128227","https://openalex.org/W2491403535","https://openalex.org/W3081644756","https://openalex.org/W2479811461","https://openalex.org/W2104915799","https://openalex.org/W4311938462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Models":[1],"play":[2],"a":[3,92,115,178,185],"crucial":[4],"role":[5],"in":[6,64,104,174],"software":[7,125],"design,":[8],"analysis,":[9],"and":[10,37,45,55,85,143,154,166,183,206,216,222],"supporting":[11],"new":[12,209],"maintainers.":[13],"However,":[14],"over":[15],"time,":[16],"the":[17,31,83,197,225],"benefits":[18],"of":[19,78,87,95,109,118,180,188],"models":[20,44,51],"can":[21,39],"diminish":[22],"as":[23],"system":[24],"implementations":[25],"evolve":[26],"without":[27],"corresponding":[28,190],"updates":[29],"to":[30,146,191,199,201,219],"original":[32],"models.":[33],"Reverse":[34],"engineering":[35,75,204],"methods":[36,205],"tools":[38,76],"help":[40],"maintain":[41],"alignment":[42],"between":[43,161],"implementation":[46,168],"code.":[47,169],"Yet,":[48],"automatically":[49],"reverse-engineered":[50],"often":[52],"lack":[53],"abstraction":[54],"contain":[56],"extensive":[57],"details":[58],"that":[59,69,99],"hinder":[60],"comprehension.":[61],"Recent":[62],"advancements":[63],"AI-based":[65],"content":[66],"generation":[67],"suggest":[68],"we":[70,90,176],"may":[71],"soon":[72],"see":[73],"reverse":[74,203],"capable":[77],"human-grade":[79],"abstraction.":[80],"To":[81],"guide":[82],"design":[84,226],"validation":[86],"such":[88],"tools,":[89,207],"need":[91],"principled":[93],"understanding":[94],"manual":[96],"abstraction\u2014a":[97],"topic":[98],"has":[100],"received":[101],"limited":[102],"attention":[103],"existing":[105],"literature.":[106],"In":[107],"pursuit":[108],"this":[110],"goal,":[111],"our":[112],"paper":[113],"presents":[114],"multiple-case":[116],"study":[117],"model-to-code":[119,213],"differences,":[120],"examining":[121],"nine":[122],"substantial":[123],"open-source":[124],"projects":[126,137],"obtained":[127],"through":[128],"repository":[129],"mining.":[130],"We":[131],"manually":[132],"matched":[133],"source":[134],"code":[135],"from":[136],"comprising":[138],"4983":[139],"classes,":[140,151],"26k":[141],"attributes,":[142,152],"54k":[144],"operations":[145],"523":[147],"model":[148],"elements":[149],"(including":[150],"operations,":[153],"relationships).":[155],"These":[156],"mappings":[157],"precisely":[158],"capture":[159],"discrepancies":[160],"provided":[162],"class":[163],"diagram":[164],"designs":[165],"actual":[167],"By":[170],"analyzing":[171],"these":[172],"differences":[173],"detail,":[175],"derive":[177],"taxonomy":[179],"difference":[181],"types":[182],"provide":[184],"well-organized":[186],"list":[187],"cases":[189],"identified":[192],"differences.":[193],"Our":[194],"findings":[195],"have":[196],"potential":[198],"contribute":[200],"improved":[202],"propose":[208],"mapping":[210],"rules":[211],"for":[212],"consistency":[214],"checks,":[215],"offer":[217],"guidelines":[218],"avoid":[220],"over-abstraction":[221],"over-specification":[223],"during":[224],"process.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T09:09:15.849793","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
