{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133227470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-026-01313-y","title":"Technological profiles of primary and secondary school teachers: a data-driven approach to AI training design","display_name":"Technological profiles of primary and secondary school teachers: a data-driven approach to AI training design","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133227470","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-026-01313-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10209-026-01313-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-026-01313-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10209-026-01313-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30338973","display_name":"Universal Access in the Information Society","issn_l":"1615-5289","issn":["1615-5289","1615-5297"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Universal Access in the Information Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10209-026-01313-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127845250","display_name":"Imma Pallej\u00e0","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5593406","display_name":"Universitat Ramon Llull","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9k2z50","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Imma Pallej\u00e0","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Ramon Llull, La Salle, Business Department, C/ Sant Joan de la Salle 42, 08022, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5284-3401","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Ramon Llull, La Salle, Business Department, C/ Sant Joan de la Salle 42, 08022, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107436365","display_name":"Sof\u00eda Aguayo-Mauri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5593406","display_name":"Universitat Ramon Llull","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9k2z50","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sofia Aguayo-Mauri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Ramon Llull, La Salle, Human Environment Research Group, C/ Sant Joan de la Salle 42, 08022, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4554-1444","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Ramon Llull, La Salle, Human Environment Research Group, C/ Sant Joan de la Salle 42, 08022, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David Fonseca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9471-153X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5593406","display_name":"Universitat Ramon Llull","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9k2z50","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Fonseca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Ramon Llull, La Salle, Human Environment Research Group, C/ Sant Joan de la Salle 42, 08022, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9471-153X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Ramon Llull, La Salle, Human Environment Research Group, C/ Sant Joan de la Salle 42, 08022, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127812398","display_name":"Alejandro Iglesias","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5593406","display_name":"Universitat Ramon Llull","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9k2z50","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alejandro Iglesias","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Ramon Llull, La Salle, Human Environment Research Group, C/ Sant Joan de la Salle 42, 08022, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7513-5796","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Ramon Llull, La Salle, Human Environment Research Group, C/ Sant Joan de la Salle 42, 08022, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010863965","display_name":"Xavi Canaleta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9412-8827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5593406","display_name":"Universitat Ramon Llull","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9k2z50","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xavi Canaleta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Ramon Llull, La Salle, Human Environment Research Group, C/ Sant Joan de la Salle 42, 08022, Barcelona, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9412-8827","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Ramon Llull, La Salle, Human Environment Research Group, C/ Sant Joan de la Salle 42, 08022, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5127845250"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5593406"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":7.5106,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96519452,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.11110000312328339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.11110000312328339,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.09049999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.07370000332593918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","score":0.6241999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.5013999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-statistics","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multivariate-analysis","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-grouping","display_name":"Cluster grouping","score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/school-teachers","display_name":"School teachers","score":0.3449000120162964}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100521375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015382","display_name":"Competence (human resources)","level":2,"score":0.6241999864578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5317000150680542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.5013999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5001000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.4708999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.3864000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3831000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.37779998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776987068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5136701","display_name":"Cluster grouping","level":2,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020423824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37226","display_name":"School teachers","level":2,"score":0.3449000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58642233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8269924","display_name":"Taxonomy (biology)","level":2,"score":0.2720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2646999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780980858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q110022","display_name":"Dual (grammatical number)","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10209-026-01313-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-026-01313-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10209-026-01313-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30338973","display_name":"Universal Access in the Information Society","issn_l":"1615-5289","issn":["1615-5289","1615-5297"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Universal Access in the Information Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dau.url.edu:20.500.14342/6084","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14342/6084","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055114","display_name":"DAU - Digital Archive of URL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10209-026-01313-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-026-01313-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10209-026-01313-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S30338973","display_name":"Universal Access in the Information Society","issn_l":"1615-5289","issn":["1615-5289","1615-5297"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Universal Access in the Information Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.5270889401435852}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325036","display_name":"Universitat Ramon Llull","ror":"https://ror.org/04p9k2z50"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133227470.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7133227470.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1979905910","https://openalex.org/W2327678559","https://openalex.org/W2734693660","https://openalex.org/W2963609192","https://openalex.org/W3186002642","https://openalex.org/W4319439342","https://openalex.org/W4383824965","https://openalex.org/W4389198230","https://openalex.org/W4392998181","https://openalex.org/W4396916879","https://openalex.org/W4398328571","https://openalex.org/W4399328970","https://openalex.org/W4403174136","https://openalex.org/W4403794013","https://openalex.org/W4404637068","https://openalex.org/W4406026056","https://openalex.org/W4408656469","https://openalex.org/W4410839601","https://openalex.org/W4410924549","https://openalex.org/W4412527899","https://openalex.org/W4412793551","https://openalex.org/W4412993414","https://openalex.org/W4413062737","https://openalex.org/W4414188625"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"This":[1],"study":[2],"analyzes":[3],"the":[4,29,61,180],"level":[5],"of":[6,66,78,101,109,170,182],"knowledge,":[7],"use,":[8,85],"pedagogical":[9],"purposes,":[10],"and":[11,22,80,87,118,133,148,152,157,167,177,185],"ethical":[12],"concerns":[13],"related":[14,82],"to":[15,37,42,50,60,74,83,97],"artificial":[16],"intelligence":[17],"(AI)":[18],"tools":[19],"among":[20],"primary":[21],"secondary":[23],"school":[24],"teachers":[25,102],"in":[26],"Spain":[27],"during":[28],"2024\u20132025":[30],"academic":[31],"year.":[32],"Its":[33],"main":[34],"objective":[35],"is":[36],"identify":[38,75],"teachers\u2019":[39,171],"technological":[40],"profiles":[41],"design":[43,181],"more":[44],"effective":[45],"AI":[46,84,172,187],"training":[47,188],"programs":[48],"tailored":[49],"their":[51],"actual":[52],"needs.":[53],"A":[54],"mixed":[55],"analytical":[56],"strategy":[57],"was":[58,92],"applied":[59],"data":[62],"from":[63],"a":[64,115,165],"survey":[65],"262":[67],"teachers.":[68],"First,":[69],"Spearman":[70,137],"correlations":[71],"were":[72,112],"used":[73],"consistent":[76],"constructs":[77],"behavior":[79],"attitude":[81],"concerns,":[86],"self-training.":[88],"Second,":[89],"K-Means":[90,124],"clustering":[91],"conducted":[93],"on":[94,104],"71":[95],"variables":[96],"detect":[98],"broader":[99],"segments":[100],"based":[103],"multivariate":[105],"similarity.":[106],"The":[107,136,161,174],"results":[108],"both":[110],"analyses":[111],"combined":[113],"into":[114,141],"two-level":[116],"taxonomy":[117],"mapped":[119],"onto":[120],"DigCompEdu":[121],"competence":[122],"areas.":[123],"consistently":[125],"produced":[126],"two":[127],"macro":[128],"groups":[129],":":[130],"active":[131],"adopters":[132],"cautious/emerging":[134],"adopters.":[135],"structure":[138],"refined":[139],"these":[140],"five":[142],"micro":[143],"profiles.":[144],"Advanced":[145],"integrators,":[146],"Content":[147],"resource":[149],"Builders,":[150],"Data":[151],"Code,":[153],"Safety":[154],"first":[155],"fundamentals,":[156],"Skeptics/Context-Limited":[158],"Users":[159],".":[160],"dual":[162],"approach":[163],"yields":[164],"robust":[166],"actionable":[168],"classification":[169],"readiness.":[173],"resulting":[175],"macro-routes":[176],"micro-profiles":[178],"support":[179],"targeted,":[183],"scalable,":[184],"competence-aligned":[186],"for":[189],"educators.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}