{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130506059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-026-01228-y","title":"Security and privacy in complex, context-aware systems: a comprehensive framework","display_name":"Security and privacy in complex, context-aware systems: a comprehensive framework","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130506059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-026-01228-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-026-01228-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-026-01228-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-026-01228-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-026-01228-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091382020","display_name":"Antoni Mart\u00ednez-Ballest\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1787-7410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55952717","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antoni Mart\u00ednez-Ballest\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031918585","display_name":"Edgar Batista","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8046-6016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55952717","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edgar Batista","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125462024","display_name":"Elena Figueroa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55952717","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elena Figueroa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126427677","display_name":"Kaouther Nouni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55952717","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaouther Nouni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046614513","display_name":"Agust\u00ed Solanas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4881-6215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55952717","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agusti Solanas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013675709","display_name":"Fran Casino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4296-2876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55952717","display_name":"Universitat Rovira i Virgili","ror":"https://ror.org/00g5sqv46","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fran Casino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering and Mathematics, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Pa\u00efsos Catalans 26, 43007, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031918585"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55952717"],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":2590,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3190},"fwci":12.6106,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97242793,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.1185000017285347,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.1185000017285347,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.06440000236034393,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10927","display_name":"Access Control and Trust","score":0.060600001364946365,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.5963000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/european-union","display_name":"European union","score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.4745999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4684000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.3522000014781952}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7883999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5963000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5884000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910001868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458","display_name":"European union","level":2,"score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.4745999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4684000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.3522000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.33340001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69360830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172237","display_name":"Data Protection Act 1998","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193934123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246028","display_name":"Privacy by Design","level":3,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32896092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447","display_name":"Risk management","level":2,"score":0.27059999108314514}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-026-01228-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-026-01228-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-026-01228-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-026-01228-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-026-01228-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-026-01228-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","score":0.402050256729126,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2065967292","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101168562","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2352982920","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-127409OB-C33","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G294886955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-127409OB-C33","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3771002347","display_name":"Innovations in Detecting and Disrupting Crime-as-a-Service Operations","funder_award_id":"101168562","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3812283928","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2021-127409OB-C33 CONDOR","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6771914938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021SGR-00111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334830","funder_display_name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7982062691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021PMF-BS-6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312331","funder_display_name":"Banco Santander"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G956478599","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RYC2023-044857-I","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312331","display_name":"Banco Santander","ror":"https://ror.org/017d1hs72"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320315062","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334830","display_name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","ror":"https://ror.org/01n4pqe45"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7130506059.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7130506059.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967661515","https://openalex.org/W1976867401","https://openalex.org/W2003544295","https://openalex.org/W2027281287","https://openalex.org/W2068849277","https://openalex.org/W2074013628","https://openalex.org/W2104927807","https://openalex.org/W2111619626","https://openalex.org/W2172118478","https://openalex.org/W2478460150","https://openalex.org/W2489600561","https://openalex.org/W2538661710","https://openalex.org/W2548640435","https://openalex.org/W2587180896","https://openalex.org/W2604817031","https://openalex.org/W2727316396","https://openalex.org/W2770587725","https://openalex.org/W2792342425","https://openalex.org/W2984526188","https://openalex.org/W3012275626","https://openalex.org/W3022329833","https://openalex.org/W3087827738","https://openalex.org/W3099854209","https://openalex.org/W3118939614","https://openalex.org/W3162887786","https://openalex.org/W3205257742","https://openalex.org/W4210531213","https://openalex.org/W4214593482","https://openalex.org/W4220954977","https://openalex.org/W4280552546","https://openalex.org/W4282047354","https://openalex.org/W4285170326","https://openalex.org/W4288059400","https://openalex.org/W4292241706","https://openalex.org/W4319318680","https://openalex.org/W4321488722","https://openalex.org/W4367146387","https://openalex.org/W4385213603","https://openalex.org/W4385767168","https://openalex.org/W4401879087","https://openalex.org/W4402677386","https://openalex.org/W4402700982","https://openalex.org/W4406063062","https://openalex.org/W4410777833","https://openalex.org/W4412162377","https://openalex.org/W7130511559","https://openalex.org/W7130511581"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Context-aware":[1],"systems":[2],"integrate":[3],"environmental":[4],"and":[5,11,26,35,46,63,67,92,153,160],"user-related":[6],"data":[7],"to":[8,75,166],"deliver":[9],"intelligent":[10],"adaptive":[12],"services.":[13],"Their":[14],"rising":[15],"complexity,":[16],"driven":[17],"by":[18],"advances":[19],"in":[20,126],"sensing":[21],"technologies,":[22],"Artificial":[23],"Intelligence":[24],"(AI),":[25],"the":[27,44,54,77,93,97,100,103,121,129,139,148,154,168],"Internet":[28],"of":[29,48,71,80,99,112,119,128,141,171],"Things":[30],"(IoT),":[31],"introduces":[32],"significant":[33],"security":[34],"privacy":[36],"challenges.":[37],"This":[38],"article":[39],"presents":[40],"a":[41,59,69,109,113],"framework":[42],"for":[43],"development":[45],"assessment":[47],"secure,":[49],"privacy-preserving":[50,86],"context-aware":[51,81,115,172],"systems.":[52,173],"Using":[53],"ISO/IEC":[55,90,146],"27002":[56],"standard":[57],"as":[58,108,145],"foundation,":[60],"we":[61,137],"categorize":[62],"analyze":[64],"common":[65],"threats":[66],"propose":[68],"set":[70],"comprehensive":[72],"protection":[73],"strategies":[74,123],"guide":[76],"secure":[78],"design":[79],"architectures.":[82],"We":[83],"further":[84],"emphasize":[85],"practices":[87],"aligned":[88],"with":[89],"27701":[91],"GDPR.":[94],"To":[95],"illustrate":[96],"applicability":[98],"proposed":[101,122],"framework,":[102],"smart":[104],"classroom":[105],"is":[106,124],"presented":[107],"representative":[110],"example":[111],"complex":[114],"environment.":[116],"The":[117],"feasibility":[118],"implementing":[120],"examined":[125],"light":[127],"technological":[130],"diversity":[131],"that":[132],"characterizes":[133],"such":[134,144],"ecosystems.":[135],"Finally,":[136],"discuss":[138],"implications":[140],"emerging":[142],"standards,":[143],"27090,":[147],"European":[149],"Union":[150],"AI":[151,156],"Act,":[152],"NIST":[155],"Risk":[157],"Management":[158],"Framework,":[159],"outline":[161],"future":[162],"research":[163],"directions":[164],"related":[165],"enhancing":[167],"medium-term":[169],"resilience":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2026-02-19T00:00:00"}