{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4416668330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-025-01160-7","title":"Randomization of message contents with and without encryption for covert communication scenarios","display_name":"Randomization of message contents with and without encryption for covert communication scenarios","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4416668330","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-025-01160-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-025-01160-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-025-01160-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-025-01160-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-025-01160-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006525330","display_name":"Pawe\u0142 Rajba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4252-5545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134832","display_name":"Laboratoire de Physique des 2 Infinis Ir\u00e8ne Joliot-Curie","ror":"https://ror.org/03gc1p724","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I1294671590","https://openalex.org/I204730241","https://openalex.org/I277688954","https://openalex.org/I4210133362","https://openalex.org/I4210134832"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pawe\u0142 Rajba","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wroc\u0142aw, Joliot-Curie 15, 50-383, Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wroc\u0142aw, Joliot-Curie 15, 50-383, Wroc\u0142aw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134832"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018765427","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Keller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0303-6140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I120691247","display_name":"FernUniversit\u00e4t in Hagen","ror":"https://ror.org/04tkkr536","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I120691247"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Keller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, FernUniversit\u00e4t in Hagen, 58084, Hagen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, FernUniversit\u00e4t in Hagen, 58084, Hagen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I120691247"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089469997","display_name":"Wojciech Mazurczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8509-4127"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108403487","display_name":"Warsaw University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00y0xnp53","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wojciech Mazurczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Warsaw University of Technology, 15/19 Nowowiejska Street, 00-665, Warsaw, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Warsaw University of Technology, 15/19 Nowowiejska Street, 00-665, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108403487"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006525330"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134832"],"apc_list":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":3190,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3190},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32532708,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.3084999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11498","display_name":"Security in Wireless Sensor Networks","score":0.3084999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.22300000488758087,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.1777999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.765500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.695900022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-source","display_name":"Communication source","score":0.6348000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.4957999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.48030000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-function","display_name":"Hash function","score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptographic-primitive","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","score":0.4041000008583069}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8310999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.765500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.695900022983551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6834999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198104137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q974688","display_name":"Communication source","level":2,"score":0.6348000168800354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.4957999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.48030000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.41280001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15927051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246593","display_name":"Cryptographic primitive","level":4,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128619300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15263584","display_name":"Authenticated encryption","level":3,"score":0.40119999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81081738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55542","display_name":"Lossless compression","level":3,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.37959998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.373199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.36079999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.3424000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3188999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29024540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476964","display_name":"Covert channel","level":5,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65302260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327675","display_name":"Symmetric-key algorithm","level":4,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54569210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7246854","display_name":"Probabilistic encryption","level":3,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139089976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2142273","display_name":"Trusted third party","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.27790001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779814227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7444882","display_name":"Secure transmission","level":3,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17859611","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10797615","display_name":"Equivocation","level":2,"score":0.2563999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780138299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3404265","display_name":"Privilege (computing)","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-025-01160-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-025-01160-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-025-01160-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-025-01160-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-025-01160-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-025-01160-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3263294820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"101225653","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","funder_display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4840008382","display_name":"Protecting Sensitive Cyber Ecosystems from Upcoming Next Generation and AI-generated Malware Threats","funder_award_id":"101225653","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334322","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416668330.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4416668330.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W185290757","https://openalex.org/W1486719429","https://openalex.org/W1517403092","https://openalex.org/W1993704367","https://openalex.org/W2063100290","https://openalex.org/W2143074761","https://openalex.org/W2226303357","https://openalex.org/W2795336163","https://openalex.org/W2963514896","https://openalex.org/W2981391500","https://openalex.org/W3016188574","https://openalex.org/W3158878773","https://openalex.org/W4238003628","https://openalex.org/W4289127653","https://openalex.org/W4295832265","https://openalex.org/W4365421284","https://openalex.org/W4385713459","https://openalex.org/W4391164238"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Steganographic":[0],"methods":[1],"often":[2],"presuppose":[3],"that":[4],"the":[5,24,42,89,92,96,139,146,150,177,180],"concealed":[6],"message":[7],"appears":[8],"random":[9,21],"upon":[10],"encoding.":[11],"When":[12],"confidentiality":[13,38,152],"is":[14,39],"a":[15,20,80,99,128],"concern,":[16],"encryption":[17,117],"results":[18,175],"in":[19,119],"message,":[22,94],"yet":[23],"exchange":[25],"of":[26,59,179],"keys":[27],"can":[28,55,144],"pose":[29],"challenges":[30],"and":[31,111,160,168],"compromise":[32],"clandestine":[33],"communication.":[34],"In":[35],"situations":[36],"where":[37,137],"not":[40],"imperative,":[41],"inquiry":[43],"arises":[44],"whether":[45],"alternative":[46],"cryptographic":[47,108],"techniques,":[48],"which":[49],"are":[50],"less":[51],"costly":[52],"than":[53],"encryption,":[54],"yield":[56],"equivalent":[57],"levels":[58],"randomness.":[60,132],"This":[61,71],"will":[62],"help":[63],"computationally":[64],"weak":[65],"devices":[66],"such":[67],"as":[68,127],"IoT":[69],"sensors.":[70],"paper":[72],"studies":[73],"both":[74],"research":[75],"problems.":[76],"Initially,":[77],"we":[78,104],"present":[79],"methodology":[81],"inspired":[82],"by":[83],"blockchain":[84],"proof-of-work":[85,147],"to":[86,114,148,163],"securely":[87],"transmit":[88],"key":[90,101],"alongside":[91],"encrypted":[93],"circumventing":[95],"need":[97],"for":[98,130],"preceding":[100],"exchange.":[102],"Subsequently,":[103],"introduce":[105],"frameworks":[106],"utilizing":[107],"hash":[109],"functions":[110],"$$T$$":[112],"-functions":[113],"supplant":[115],"symmetric":[116],"algorithms":[118],"counter":[120],"mode,":[121],"while":[122],"also":[123],"exploring":[124],"lossless":[125],"compression":[126],"mechanism":[129],"achieving":[131],"We":[133,155],"outline":[134],"potential":[135],"scenarios":[136],"either":[138],"covert":[140],"receiver":[141],"or":[142,153],"sender":[143],"undertake":[145],"ensure":[149],"sender\u2019s":[151],"authenticity.":[154],"implement":[156],"all":[157],"devised":[158],"schemes":[159],"subject":[161],"them":[162],"rigorous":[164],"testing":[165],"using":[166],"DIEHARD":[167],"NIST":[169],"STS":[170],"test":[171],"suites.":[172],"The":[173],"obtained":[174],"validate":[176],"viability":[178],"proposed":[181],"methodologies.":[182]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-11-25T00:00:00"}