{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408987002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-025-01018-y","title":"Using large language models for template detection from security event logs","display_name":"Using large language models for template detection from security event logs","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408987002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-025-01018-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-025-01018-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-025-01018-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-025-01018-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-025-01018-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069019755","display_name":"Risto Vaarandi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7781-5863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Risto Vaarandi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075157158","display_name":"Hayretdin Bah\u015fi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8882-4095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111112146","display_name":"Tallinn University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0443cwa12","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203172682","display_name":"Northern Arizona University","ror":"https://ror.org/0272j5188","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}],"countries":["EE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hayretdin Bah\u015fi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Digital Forensics and Cyber Security, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, Computing and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203172682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5069019755"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111112146"],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":2590,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3190},"fwci":14.0101,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98742585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12423","display_name":"Software Reliability and Analysis Research","score":0.9156000018119812,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7981846332550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.5167852640151978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.41443219780921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3696401119232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.35393309593200684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.29253530502319336}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7981846332550049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5167852640151978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.41443219780921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3696401119232178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.35393309593200684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.29253530502319336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-025-01018-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-025-01018-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-025-01018-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-025-01018-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-025-01018-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-025-01018-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6209601809","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EXAI (TK213U10)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321976","funder_display_name":"Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321976","display_name":"Haridus- ja Teadusministeerium","ror":"https://ror.org/051aqjh92"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408987002.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528697349","https://openalex.org/W1661413208","https://openalex.org/W1994625872","https://openalex.org/W2015979301","https://openalex.org/W2076809217","https://openalex.org/W2102632804","https://openalex.org/W2115056012","https://openalex.org/W2153470728","https://openalex.org/W2208211896","https://openalex.org/W2536393303","https://openalex.org/W2583874385","https://openalex.org/W2754665629","https://openalex.org/W2792207129","https://openalex.org/W2963999143","https://openalex.org/W3041215671","https://openalex.org/W4284692184","https://openalex.org/W4384345672","https://openalex.org/W4386214300","https://openalex.org/W4388212317","https://openalex.org/W4394745212","https://openalex.org/W4394769528","https://openalex.org/W4400583111","https://openalex.org/W4411450161","https://openalex.org/W6600310816","https://openalex.org/W6686023010"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,21],"modern":[1],"IT":[2],"systems":[3],"and":[4,8,36,81,117,139,155],"computer":[5],"networks,":[6],"real-time":[7],"offline":[9,89],"event":[10,23,58,68,75,79,169],"log":[11,24,69,80],"analysis":[12,25,43,70],"is":[13],"a":[14,98],"crucial":[15],"part":[16],"of":[17,33,44,50,67,100,120,159,164],"cyber":[18,34],"security":[19,39,46,90,168],"monitoring.":[20],"particular,":[22],"techniques":[26],"are":[27,137],"essential":[28],"for":[29,37,85,161],"the":[30,42,78,83,94,118,157],"timely":[31],"detection":[32,49,163],"attacks":[35],"assisting":[38],"experts":[40],"with":[41],"past":[45],"incidents.":[47],"The":[48,148],"line":[51],"patterns":[52],"or":[53,88],"templates":[54,73,165],"from":[55,166],"unstructured":[56,167],"textual":[57],"logs":[59,84],"has":[60,125],"been":[61,105],"identified":[62],"as":[63],"an":[64,145],"important":[65],"task":[66],"since":[71],"detected":[72],"represent":[74],"types":[76],"in":[77],"prepare":[82],"downstream":[86],"online":[87],"monitoring":[91],"tasks.":[92],"During":[93],"last":[95],"2":[96],"decades,":[97],"number":[99],"template":[101,142],"mining":[102,115,143],"algorithms":[103,110],"have":[104],"proposed.":[106],"However,":[107],"many":[108],"proposed":[109],"rely":[111],"on":[112],"traditional":[113],"data":[114],"techniques,":[116],"usage":[119],"Large":[121],"Language":[122],"Models":[123],"(LLMs)":[124],"received":[126],"less":[127],"attention":[128],"so":[129],"far.":[130],"Also,":[131],"most":[132],"approaches":[133],"that":[134],"harness":[135],"LLMs":[136,160],"supervised,":[138],"unsupervised":[140,162],"LLM-based":[141],"remains":[144],"understudied":[146],"area.":[147],"current":[149],"paper":[150],"addresses":[151],"this":[152],"research":[153],"gap":[154],"investigates":[156],"application":[158],"logs.":[170]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}