{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4372194033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-023-00698-8","title":"OCPP in the spotlight: threats and countermeasures for electric vehicle charging infrastructures 4.0","display_name":"OCPP in the spotlight: threats and countermeasures for electric vehicle charging infrastructures 4.0","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4372194033","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-023-00698-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-023-00698-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-023-00698-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-023-00698-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-023-00698-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067782544","display_name":"Cristina Alcaraz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0545-3191"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cristina Alcaraz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, M\u00e1laga, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0545-3191","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, M\u00e1laga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053556134","display_name":"Jesus Cumplido","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesus Cumplido","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, M\u00e1laga, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University of Malaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, M\u00e1laga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051152395","display_name":"Alicia Trivi\u00f1o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7516-2878"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alicia Trivin\u0304o","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering Department, University of Malaga, Doctor Ortiz Ramos s/n, 29071, M\u00e1laga, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering Department, University of Malaga, Doctor Ortiz Ramos s/n, 29071, M\u00e1laga, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067782544"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":2590,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3190},"fwci":6.523,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97282972,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"1395","last_page":"1421"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9786999821662903,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.6780480146408081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6622467637062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stride","display_name":"STRIDE","score":0.5062269568443298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.49307581782341003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.4260757863521576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4222710430622101}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.6780480146408081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6622467637062073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18007350","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7394815","display_name":"STRIDE","level":2,"score":0.5062269568443298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.49307581782341003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.4260757863521576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4222710430622101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-023-00698-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-023-00698-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-023-00698-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:riuma.uma.es:10630/26538","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10630/26538","pdf_url":"https://riuma.uma.es/xmlui/bitstream/10630/26538/1/s10207-023-00698-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401385","display_name":"Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de M\u00e1laga (University of M\u00e1laga)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82767444","host_organization_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82767444"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"VoR"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-023-00698-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-023-00698-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-023-00698-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G146616733","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2019-110531-RA-I00 from the\u201cProyectos de I+D+i - RTI Tipo A\u201dprogramme","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1643949827","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2262748287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2309174360","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G300979063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480869486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3690828678","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4017095837","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G47388051","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2019-110565RB-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5080475149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5421974903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5550858994","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5809474952","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2019-110531-RA-I00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7084143925","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7266728691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7535663061","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/10.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7643708868","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8055432103","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","funder_display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8684520763","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID2019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311265","display_name":"Universidad de M\u00e1laga","ror":"https://ror.org/036b2ww28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322930","display_name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/034900433"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4372194033.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W766792511","https://openalex.org/W1270613369","https://openalex.org/W1972414472","https://openalex.org/W2059872281","https://openalex.org/W2544805748","https://openalex.org/W2560255017","https://openalex.org/W2588734850","https://openalex.org/W2618656593","https://openalex.org/W2694044524","https://openalex.org/W2740001187","https://openalex.org/W2770727960","https://openalex.org/W2777204278","https://openalex.org/W2795215167","https://openalex.org/W2806694114","https://openalex.org/W2883491373","https://openalex.org/W2888866153","https://openalex.org/W2979942141","https://openalex.org/W2986949576","https://openalex.org/W2989536672","https://openalex.org/W3003970842","https://openalex.org/W3006629274","https://openalex.org/W3021510480","https://openalex.org/W3030363216","https://openalex.org/W3090592967","https://openalex.org/W3105714802","https://openalex.org/W3110477845","https://openalex.org/W3117643290","https://openalex.org/W3131988611","https://openalex.org/W3156757407","https://openalex.org/W3179862281","https://openalex.org/W3200255652","https://openalex.org/W3215327393","https://openalex.org/W4205463438","https://openalex.org/W4241479362","https://openalex.org/W4281557828","https://openalex.org/W4284703709","https://openalex.org/W4288420729","https://openalex.org/W4312476671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2347597433","https://openalex.org/W2389023277","https://openalex.org/W2562411628","https://openalex.org/W3034772098","https://openalex.org/W2100563491","https://openalex.org/W2124672917","https://openalex.org/W4289821489","https://openalex.org/W4297820790","https://openalex.org/W2060145807","https://openalex.org/W4248806346"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Undoubtedly,":[1],"Industry":[2],"4.0":[3],"in":[4,25,83,134,166],"the":[5,9,19,48,52,94,118,123,167],"energy":[6],"sector":[7],"improves":[8],"conditions":[10],"for":[11,147],"automation,":[12],"generation":[13],"and":[14,74,104,107,131,138,140],"distribution":[15],"of":[16,21,62,136],"energy,":[17,139],"increasing":[18],"rate":[20],"electric":[22],"vehicle":[23],"manufacturing":[24],"recent":[26,60],"years.":[27],"As":[28],"a":[29],"result,":[30],"more":[31],"grid-connected":[32],"charging":[33,39],"infrastructures":[34],"are":[35],"being":[36],"installed,":[37],"whose":[38],"stations":[40],"(CSs)":[41],"can":[42],"follow":[43],"standardized":[44],"architectures,":[45],"such":[46],"as":[47],"one":[49],"proposed":[50],"by":[51],"open":[53],"charge":[54],"point":[55],"protocol":[56,64],"(OCPP).":[57],"The":[58,150],"most":[59],"version":[61],"this":[63,87],"is":[65],"v.2.0.1,":[66],"which":[67],"includes":[68],"new":[69,95],"security":[70,80,159],"measures":[71],"at":[72],"device":[73],"communication":[75],"level":[76],"to":[77,91,101,114,129],"cover":[78],"those":[79],"issues":[81],"identified":[82],"previous":[84],"versions.":[85],"Therefore,":[86],"paper":[88],"analyzes":[89],"OCPP-v2.0.1":[90,155],"determine":[92],"whether":[93],"functions":[96],"may":[97,111],"still":[98,161],"be":[99,112],"susceptible":[100],"specific":[102],"cyber":[103],"physical":[105],"threats,":[106],"especially":[108],"when":[109],"CSs":[110],"connected":[113],"microgrids.":[115],"To":[116],"formalize":[117],"study,":[119],"we":[120,142],"first":[121],"adapted":[122],"well-known":[124],"threat":[125],"analysis":[126],"methodology,":[127],"STRIDE,":[128],"identify":[130],"classify":[132],"threats":[133],"terms":[135],"control":[137],"subsequently":[141],"combine":[143],"it":[144],"with":[145],"DREAD":[146],"risk":[148],"assessment.":[149],"analyses":[151],"indicate":[152],"that,":[153],"although":[154],"has":[156],"evolved,":[157],"potential":[158],"risks":[160],"remain,":[162],"requiring":[163],"greater":[164],"protection":[165],"future.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}