{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3092147670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-020-00522-7","title":"Risk assessment of cyber-attacks on telemetry-enabled cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED)","display_name":"Risk assessment of cyber-attacks on telemetry-enabled cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED)","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-10-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3092147670","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-020-00522-7","mag":"3092147670"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-020-00522-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-020-00522-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-020-00522-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-020-00522-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066959304","display_name":"Mika\u00ebla Ngambo\u00e9","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2180-1072"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mika\u00ebla Ngambo\u00e9","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2180-1072","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050125397","display_name":"Paul Berthier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Berthier","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078345809","display_name":"Ammari Nader","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nader Ammari","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065821297","display_name":"Katia Dyrda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0171-9311"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800290161","display_name":"Montreal Heart Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03vs03g62","country_code":"CA","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800290161"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70931966","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/0161xgx34","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Katia Dyrda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Montr\u00e9al Heart Institute, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Montr\u00e9al Heart Institute, Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800290161","https://openalex.org/I70931966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067704386","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 M. Fernandez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9836-3595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","display_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","ror":"https://ror.org/05f8d4e86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 M. Fernandez","raw_affiliation_strings":["\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066959304"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"apc_list":{"value":2590,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3190},"apc_paid":{"value":2590,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":3190},"fwci":1.3071,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78570269,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"621","last_page":"645"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13295","display_name":"Safety Systems Engineering in Autonomy","score":0.9732000231742859,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.9670000076293945,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7499622106552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/damages","display_name":"Damages","score":0.6608374118804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6533344984054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.4856937825679779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.46992576122283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment","display_name":"Risk assessment","score":0.45914292335510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.44690248370170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reputation","display_name":"Reputation","score":0.4428957998752594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.41384702920913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.20669743418693542}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7499622106552124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777381055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q308922","display_name":"Damages","level":2,"score":0.6608374118804932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6533344984054565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.4856937825679779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.46992576122283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.45914292335510254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.44690248370170593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48798503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q877546","display_name":"Reputation","level":2,"score":0.4428957998752594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.41384702920913696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.20669743418693542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-020-00522-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-020-00522-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-020-00522-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.polymtl.ca:9257","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401013","display_name":"PolyPublie (\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","host_organization_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10207-020-00522-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-020-00522-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-020-00522-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S164062316","display_name":"International Journal of Information Security","issn_l":"1615-5262","issn":["1615-5262","1615-5270"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Information Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092147670.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3092147670.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W849235772","https://openalex.org/W1502498518","https://openalex.org/W1575255117","https://openalex.org/W1593188688","https://openalex.org/W1923747344","https://openalex.org/W1993355057","https://openalex.org/W1999551172","https://openalex.org/W2006438529","https://openalex.org/W2019729518","https://openalex.org/W2032719203","https://openalex.org/W2086687976","https://openalex.org/W2086806882","https://openalex.org/W2101188359","https://openalex.org/W2124268594","https://openalex.org/W2130614965","https://openalex.org/W2134650294","https://openalex.org/W2143472559","https://openalex.org/W2146208975","https://openalex.org/W2149909744","https://openalex.org/W2155079825","https://openalex.org/W2156808151","https://openalex.org/W2176352417","https://openalex.org/W2188934731","https://openalex.org/W2293529008","https://openalex.org/W2295342164","https://openalex.org/W2300821574","https://openalex.org/W2317624582","https://openalex.org/W2330194958","https://openalex.org/W2513543528","https://openalex.org/W2522156538","https://openalex.org/W2559853975","https://openalex.org/W2560556033","https://openalex.org/W2568509718","https://openalex.org/W2605477064","https://openalex.org/W2611153731","https://openalex.org/W2774546595","https://openalex.org/W2793149066","https://openalex.org/W2875475762","https://openalex.org/W2904405716","https://openalex.org/W2905514290","https://openalex.org/W2912321263","https://openalex.org/W4301517417","https://openalex.org/W4320166174","https://openalex.org/W6738581809"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106922437","https://openalex.org/W2807901368","https://openalex.org/W2158491338","https://openalex.org/W2133733652","https://openalex.org/W2072658171","https://openalex.org/W2606392311","https://openalex.org/W4385956668","https://openalex.org/W2900895161","https://openalex.org/W4380838366","https://openalex.org/W4318899699"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Cardiac":[1],"implantable":[2],"electronic":[3],"devices":[4],"(CIED)":[5],"are":[6,25],"vulnerable":[7],"to":[8,40,54,84,111,121,133,183],"radio":[9],"frequency":[10],"(RF)":[11],"cyber-attacks.":[12],"Besides,":[13],"CIED":[14,47,149],"communicate":[15],"with":[16],"medical":[17],"equipment":[18],"whose":[19],"telemetry":[20],"capabilities":[21],"and":[22,48,68,89,101,129,157],"IP":[23],"connectivity":[24,159],"creating":[26],"new":[27],"entry":[28],"points":[29],"that":[30,142,174],"may":[31],"be":[32],"used":[33],"by":[34,192],"attackers.":[35],"Therefore,":[36],"it":[37],"remains":[38],"crucial":[39],"perform":[41],"a":[42,65,97,118,130],"cybersecurity":[43],"risk":[44,71,81],"assessment":[45,82],"of":[46,58,115,125,127,148,160,177],"the":[49,56,61,85,90,103,113,116,123,135,145,155,161,175],"systems":[50,162],"they":[51,163],"rely":[52,164],"on":[53,64,144,165],"determine":[55,112],"gravity":[57],"threats,":[59,128],"address":[60],"riskiest":[62,136],"ones":[63],"priority":[66],"basis,":[67],"develop":[69],"effective":[70],"management":[72],"plans.":[73],"In":[74],"this":[75],"study,":[76],"we":[77],"carry":[78],"out":[79],"such":[80],"according":[83],"ISO/IEC":[86],"27005":[87],"standard":[88],"NIST":[91],"SP":[92],"800-30":[93],"guide.":[94],"We":[95],"employed":[96],"threat-oriented":[98],"analytical":[99],"approach":[100],"divided":[102],"analysis":[104,110,120,132,172],"into":[105],"three":[106],"parts,":[107],"an":[108,151,167],"actor-based":[109],"impact":[114],"attacks,":[117],"scenario-based":[119],"measure":[122],"probability":[124],"occurrence":[126],"combined":[131],"identify":[134],"attack":[137],"outcomes.":[138],"The":[139],"results":[140],"show":[141],"vulnerabilities":[143],"RF":[146],"interface":[147],"represent":[150,166],"acceptable":[152],"risk,":[153],"whereas":[154],"network":[156],"Internet":[158],"important":[168],"potential":[169],"risk.":[170],"Further":[171],"reveals":[173],"damages":[176],"these":[178],"cyber-attacks":[179],"could":[180],"spread":[181],"further":[182],"affect":[184],"manufacturers":[185],"through":[186],"intellectual":[187],"property":[188],"theft":[189],"or":[190],"physicians":[191],"affecting":[193],"their":[194],"reputation.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T09:24:06.705377","created_date":"2020-10-15T00:00:00"}