{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7117530722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-025-02620-1","title":"A survey of the state of the art in conversational question answering systems","display_name":"A survey of the state of the art in conversational question answering systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7117530722","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-025-02620-1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-025-02620-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-025-02620-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071517821","display_name":"Malsha V. Perera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1976-4647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manoj Madushanka Perera","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121562120","display_name":"Adnan Mahmood","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115412535","display_name":"Kasun Eranda Wijethilake","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kasun Eranda Wijethilake","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016566975","display_name":"Fahmida Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9178-2375"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahmida Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119817992","display_name":"Maryam Tahermazandarani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Tahermazandarani","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121553449","display_name":"Quan Z. Sheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quan Z. Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121562120"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2644,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88733641,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9248999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9248999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.01549999974668026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12128","display_name":"AI in Service Interactions","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.6786999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conversation","display_name":"Conversation","score":0.6746000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.6399000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-research","display_name":"Open research","score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.38769999146461487}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.774399995803833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.6786999702453613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777200299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52943","display_name":"Conversation","level":2,"score":0.6746000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.6399000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.5939000248908997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.5415999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.526199996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778464652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309849","display_name":"Open research","level":2,"score":0.40470001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3831999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779439875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078276","display_name":"Natural language understanding","level":3,"score":0.36730000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35420000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.34040001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.30709999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2164484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5170150","display_name":"Core (optical fiber)","level":2,"score":0.3012000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.25290000438690186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-025-02620-1","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-025-02620-1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8360511064529419,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320591","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":97,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2007872832","https://openalex.org/W2462234611","https://openalex.org/W2741363662","https://openalex.org/W2810840719","https://openalex.org/W2884001105","https://openalex.org/W2888302696","https://openalex.org/W2894293047","https://openalex.org/W2946434750","https://openalex.org/W2963323070","https://openalex.org/W2964223283","https://openalex.org/W2970996870","https://openalex.org/W2972381305","https://openalex.org/W2990776809","https://openalex.org/W2999089077","https://openalex.org/W3004304303","https://openalex.org/W3015721781","https://openalex.org/W3029880367","https://openalex.org/W3115037692","https://openalex.org/W3126896034","https://openalex.org/W3136963469","https://openalex.org/W3151521290","https://openalex.org/W3154271556","https://openalex.org/W3167884428","https://openalex.org/W3171244865","https://openalex.org/W3173361789","https://openalex.org/W3202580838","https://openalex.org/W3212757678","https://openalex.org/W4221159960","https://openalex.org/W4224124421","https://openalex.org/W4226059645","https://openalex.org/W4229010360","https://openalex.org/W4287888352","https://openalex.org/W4288457740","https://openalex.org/W4294833327","https://openalex.org/W4306317676","https://openalex.org/W4313315719","https://openalex.org/W4317898419","https://openalex.org/W4379280608","https://openalex.org/W4380785202","https://openalex.org/W4380901243","https://openalex.org/W4382246105","https://openalex.org/W4384302570","https://openalex.org/W4385482912","https://openalex.org/W4385572493","https://openalex.org/W4385572986","https://openalex.org/W4385573017","https://openalex.org/W4385573151","https://openalex.org/W4385822720","https://openalex.org/W4386566718","https://openalex.org/W4387850788","https://openalex.org/W4392305811","https://openalex.org/W4392366637","https://openalex.org/W4392384650","https://openalex.org/W4392901645","https://openalex.org/W4393079098","https://openalex.org/W4393152839","https://openalex.org/W4393272863","https://openalex.org/W4394717739","https://openalex.org/W4399426756","https://openalex.org/W4400526679","https://openalex.org/W4400528864","https://openalex.org/W4401673030","https://openalex.org/W4402350363","https://openalex.org/W4402482103","https://openalex.org/W4402670419","https://openalex.org/W4402670833","https://openalex.org/W4402683360","https://openalex.org/W4403159202","https://openalex.org/W4403203873","https://openalex.org/W4403255257","https://openalex.org/W4403929887","https://openalex.org/W4404782341","https://openalex.org/W4404793003","https://openalex.org/W4404818474","https://openalex.org/W4405384660","https://openalex.org/W4405796591","https://openalex.org/W4406016753","https://openalex.org/W4406141308","https://openalex.org/W4406236959","https://openalex.org/W4406253498","https://openalex.org/W4406754736","https://openalex.org/W4406779742","https://openalex.org/W4406800520","https://openalex.org/W4406834275","https://openalex.org/W4406870682","https://openalex.org/W4407160918","https://openalex.org/W4407223440","https://openalex.org/W4407263535","https://openalex.org/W4407425408","https://openalex.org/W4407449493","https://openalex.org/W4410086438","https://openalex.org/W4411113292","https://openalex.org/W4411549661","https://openalex.org/W4412376900","https://openalex.org/W4415065327","https://openalex.org/W4416036568","https://openalex.org/W6903878398"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-12-30T00:00:00"}