{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409488272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-025-02410-9","title":"A New Flow-Based Approach for Enhancing Botnet Detection Efficiency Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Long Short-Term Memory","display_name":"A New Flow-Based Approach for Enhancing Botnet Detection Efficiency Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Long Short-Term Memory","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409488272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-025-02410-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-025-02410-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-025-02410-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-025-02410-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-025-02410-9.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012478744","display_name":"Mehdi Asadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5054-0388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124016","display_name":"Islamic Azad University, Khoy Branch","ror":"https://ror.org/038bemd25","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110525433","https://openalex.org/I4210124016"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehdi Asadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Khameneh Branch, Khameneh, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Khameneh Branch, Khameneh, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086695777","display_name":"Arash Heidari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4279-8551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25010766","display_name":"Hali\u00e7 University","ror":"https://ror.org/022xhck05","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25010766"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153143","display_name":"Atlas \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqzm779","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50627504","display_name":"Istanbul Arel University","ror":"https://ror.org/03natay60","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50627504"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA","TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arash Heidari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, \u0130stanbul Atlas University, Istanbul, Turkey","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","Department of Software Engineering, Hali\u00e7 University, 34060, Istanbul, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, \u0130stanbul Atlas University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387153143","https://openalex.org/I50627504"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering, Hali\u00e7 University, 34060, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25010766"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102838046","display_name":"Nima Jafari Navimipour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3259-6841"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I132286405","display_name":"Kadir Has University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zzckc47","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I132286405"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130874397","display_name":"Western Caspian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cgtjz78","country_code":"AZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130874397"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75357094","display_name":"National Yunlin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04qkq2m54","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]}],"countries":["AZ","TR","TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nima Jafari Navimipour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey","Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Yunlin, Taiwan","Research Center of High Technologies and Innovative Engineering, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I132286405"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Future Technology Research Center, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Douliou, Yunlin, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75357094"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center of High Technologies and Innovative Engineering, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130874397"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086695777"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25010766","https://openalex.org/I4387153143","https://openalex.org/I50627504","https://openalex.org/I60342839"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":16.4368,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99237361,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"7","first_page":"6139","last_page":"6170"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.8703302145004272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/long-short-term-memory","display_name":"Long short term memory","score":0.760636568069458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7181212902069092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7098945379257202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.6424716711044312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.47561389207839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4484005570411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.4270819127559662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.39216291904449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.3598754405975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.2738610804080963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1331404745578766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.12730032205581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10992231965065002}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.8703302145004272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133488467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6673524","display_name":"Long short term memory","level":4,"score":0.760636568069458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7181212902069092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7098945379257202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.6424716711044312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.47561389207839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4484005570411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4270819127559662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.39216291904449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3598754405975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.2738610804080963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1331404745578766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.12730032205581665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10992231965065002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-025-02410-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-025-02410-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-025-02410-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:acikerisim.atlas.edu.tr:20.500.12900/705","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12900/705","pdf_url":"http://acikerisim.atlas.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/20.500.12900/705/1/s10115-025-02410-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055302","display_name":"Istanbul Atlas University Institutional Repository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/30406336","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/A_New_Flow-Based_Approach_for_Enhancing_Botnet_Detection_Efficiency_Using_Convolutional_Neural_Networks_and_Long_Short-Term_Memory/30406336","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-025-02410-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-025-02410-9","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-025-02410-9.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322472","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409488272.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409488272.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2527763677","https://openalex.org/W2883062872","https://openalex.org/W3120773090","https://openalex.org/W3198411072","https://openalex.org/W3212929491","https://openalex.org/W4211114553","https://openalex.org/W4283372767","https://openalex.org/W4286373821","https://openalex.org/W4290043181","https://openalex.org/W4293193114","https://openalex.org/W4294691673","https://openalex.org/W4295308257","https://openalex.org/W4295788744","https://openalex.org/W4296347973","https://openalex.org/W4303022557","https://openalex.org/W4310676095","https://openalex.org/W4311089294","https://openalex.org/W4311779867","https://openalex.org/W4313478653","https://openalex.org/W4319017928","https://openalex.org/W4319066581","https://openalex.org/W4320004386","https://openalex.org/W4320009754","https://openalex.org/W4323276229","https://openalex.org/W4323338485","https://openalex.org/W4323830151","https://openalex.org/W4324029729","https://openalex.org/W4327682056","https://openalex.org/W4353052195","https://openalex.org/W4360838285","https://openalex.org/W4361009270","https://openalex.org/W4361221738","https://openalex.org/W4366548666","https://openalex.org/W4377008974","https://openalex.org/W4383112368","https://openalex.org/W4383337003","https://openalex.org/W4385196542","https://openalex.org/W4386070139","https://openalex.org/W4386094636","https://openalex.org/W4386102753","https://openalex.org/W4386496226","https://openalex.org/W4386624928","https://openalex.org/W4386952037","https://openalex.org/W4386997170","https://openalex.org/W4387587680","https://openalex.org/W4387647860","https://openalex.org/W4393864808","https://openalex.org/W4396768380","https://openalex.org/W4396905534","https://openalex.org/W4399717599","https://openalex.org/W4402156297"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2294483539","https://openalex.org/W2378449000","https://openalex.org/W3187581118","https://openalex.org/W2938399969","https://openalex.org/W2616994865","https://openalex.org/W3143747655","https://openalex.org/W2002178493","https://openalex.org/W2901835651","https://openalex.org/W2883616266","https://openalex.org/W4401807425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Despite":[1],"the":[2,24,53,71,127,130,141,145,149,152,173,179,186,190,193,204,216,225,233,243,253],"growing":[3],"research":[4],"and":[5,16,35,62,91,181,200,232,236],"development":[6],"of":[7,14,27,66,73,129,192,206,218,229,255],"botnet":[8,48,122,136,207],"detection":[9,37,60],"tools,":[10],"an":[11,213],"ever-increasing":[12],"spread":[13],"botnets":[15,28],"their":[17],"victims":[18],"is":[19,55],"being":[20],"witnessed.":[21],"Due":[22],"to":[23,29,43,57,117],"frequent":[25],"adaptation":[26],"evolving":[30],"responses":[31],"offered":[32],"by":[33,144],"host-based":[34],"network-based":[36],"mechanisms,":[38],"traditional":[39],"methods":[40,61],"are":[41],"found":[42],"lack":[44],"adequate":[45],"defense":[46],"against":[47],"threats.":[49],"In":[50,138],"this":[51,76],"regard,":[52],"suggestion":[54],"made":[56],"employ":[58],"flow-based":[59],"conduct":[63],"behavioral":[64],"analysis":[65],"network":[67,89,103],"traffic.":[68,137],"To":[69],"enhance":[70],"performance":[72,199,251],"these":[74,256],"approaches,":[75],"paper":[77],"proposes":[78],"utilizing":[79],"a":[80,159,164,169,175,182,249],"hybrid":[81],"deep":[82],"learning":[83],"method":[84,133,147],"that":[85],"combines":[86],"convolutional":[87],"neural":[88],"(CNN)":[90],"long":[92],"short-term":[93],"memory":[94],"(LSTM)":[95],"methods.":[96],"CNN":[97],"efficiently":[98],"extracts":[99],"spatial":[100],"features":[101],"from":[102],"traffic,":[104],"such":[105],"as":[106],"patterns":[107,120],"in":[108,121,134,162,167,172,178,185,203,252],"flow":[109],"characteristics,":[110],"while":[111],"LSTM":[112],"captures":[113],"temporal":[114],"dependencies":[115],"critical":[116],"detecting":[118],"sequential":[119],"behaviors.":[123],"Experimental":[124],"results":[125,142],"reveal":[126],"effectiveness":[128],"proposed":[131,153,244],"CNN-LSTM":[132,194],"classifying":[135],"comparison":[139],"with":[140],"obtained":[143],"leading":[146],"on":[148,224],"identical":[150],"dataset,":[151],"approach":[154],"showcased":[155],"noteworthy":[156],"enhancements,":[157],"including":[158],"0.61%":[160],"increase":[161],"precision,":[163],"0.03%":[165],"augmentation":[166],"accuracy,":[168],"0.42%":[170],"enhancement":[171],"recall,":[174],"0.51%":[176],"improvement":[177],"F1-score,":[180],"0.10%":[183],"reduction":[184],"false-positive":[187],"rate.":[188],"Moreover,":[189],"utilization":[191],"framework":[195],"exhibited":[196],"robust":[197],"overall":[198],"notable":[201],"expeditiousness":[202],"realm":[205],"traffic":[208],"identification.":[209],"Additionally,":[210],"we":[211],"conducted":[212],"evaluation":[214],"concerning":[215],"impact":[217],"three":[219],"widely":[220],"recognized":[221],"adversarial":[222,257],"attacks":[223],"Information":[226,234],"Security":[227,235],"Centre":[228],"Excellence":[230],"dataset":[231],"Object":[237],"Technology":[238],"dataset.":[239],"The":[240],"findings":[241],"underscored":[242],"method\u2019s":[245],"propensity":[246],"for":[247],"delivering":[248],"promising":[250],"face":[254],"challenges.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-04-16T00:00:00"}