{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386495894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-023-01952-0","title":"A review and evaluation of elastic distance functions for time series clustering","display_name":"A review and evaluation of elastic distance functions for time series clustering","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386495894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-023-01952-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-023-01952-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-023-01952-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-023-01952-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-023-01952-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103057163","display_name":"Christopher Holder","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9571-3764"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","display_name":"University of East Anglia","ror":"https://ror.org/026k5mg93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Holder","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9571-3764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077659042","display_name":"Matthew Middlehurst","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3293-8779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","display_name":"University of East Anglia","ror":"https://ror.org/026k5mg93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Middlehurst","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3293-8779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052586692","display_name":"Anthony Bagnall","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2360-8994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","display_name":"University of East Anglia","ror":"https://ror.org/026k5mg93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Bagnall","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2360-8994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052586692"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"fwci":11.6121,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":87,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99286768,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"2","first_page":"765","last_page":"809"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11270","display_name":"Complex Systems and Time Series Analysis","score":0.9785000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11106","display_name":"Data Management and Algorithms","score":0.9593999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-time-warping","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","score":0.8345951437950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.8252526521682739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.7156703472137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distance-measures","display_name":"Distance measures","score":0.7029147148132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/series","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","score":0.6498852968215942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medoid","display_name":"Medoid","score":0.6067662835121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-medoids","display_name":"k-medoids","score":0.5806588530540466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5675721764564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-medians-clustering","display_name":"k-medians clustering","score":0.5308816432952881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edit-distance","display_name":"Edit distance","score":0.5136582255363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-series","display_name":"Time series","score":0.4788796305656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.46054738759994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-clustering","display_name":"Fuzzy clustering","score":0.4091534912586212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4080171287059784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.383151650428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36282896995544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.35897958278656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cure-data-clustering-algorithm","display_name":"CURE data clustering algorithm","score":0.33714407682418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.1812032163143158}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88516994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268863","display_name":"Dynamic time warping","level":2,"score":0.8345951437950134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.8252526521682739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.7156703472137451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2639959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1344778","display_name":"Distance measures","level":2,"score":0.7029147148132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143724316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312468","display_name":"Series (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.6498852968215942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63085389","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4287912","display_name":"Medoid","level":3,"score":0.6067662835121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65932786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3191282","display_name":"k-medoids","level":5,"score":0.5806588530540466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5675721764564514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115328559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4041956","display_name":"k-medians clustering","level":5,"score":0.5308816432952881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44359876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5338467","display_name":"Edit distance","level":2,"score":0.5136582255363464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151406439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186588","display_name":"Time series","level":2,"score":0.4788796305656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.46054738759994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17212007","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511111","display_name":"Fuzzy clustering","level":3,"score":0.4091534912586212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4080171287059784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.383151650428772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36282896995544434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35897958278656006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33704608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5014717","display_name":"CURE data clustering algorithm","level":4,"score":0.33714407682418823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.1812032163143158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-023-01952-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-023-01952-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-023-01952-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:489950","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-023-01952-0>).","pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/489950/1/s10115-023-01952-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Review"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-023-01952-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-023-01952-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-023-01952-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4175756314","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/W030756/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6947954355","display_name":"aeon: a toolkit for machine learning with time series","funder_award_id":"EP/W030756/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320274","display_name":"University of East Anglia","ror":"https://ror.org/026k5mg93"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386495894.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W67158865","https://openalex.org/W141062567","https://openalex.org/W149937420","https://openalex.org/W585336894","https://openalex.org/W1517234786","https://openalex.org/W1534304300","https://openalex.org/W1540089290","https://openalex.org/W1565746575","https://openalex.org/W1597504361","https://openalex.org/W1894414046","https://openalex.org/W1986007546","https://openalex.org/W1986779621","https://openalex.org/W1992419399","https://openalex.org/W2008348094","https://openalex.org/W2008427435","https://openalex.org/W2009743158","https://openalex.org/W2016381774","https://openalex.org/W2037537012","https://openalex.org/W2050493487","https://openalex.org/W2054932015","https://openalex.org/W2078559879","https://openalex.org/W2084376194","https://openalex.org/W2084616221","https://openalex.org/W2099242680","https://openalex.org/W2112056172","https://openalex.org/W2118371392","https://openalex.org/W2118529802","https://openalex.org/W2126626732","https://openalex.org/W2128160875","https://openalex.org/W2137089646","https://openalex.org/W2143325592","https://openalex.org/W2147347448","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2160642098","https://openalex.org/W2222512263","https://openalex.org/W2555077524","https://openalex.org/W2581490870","https://openalex.org/W2583148033","https://openalex.org/W2619824656","https://openalex.org/W2622816133","https://openalex.org/W2733722625","https://openalex.org/W2789548662","https://openalex.org/W2797178690","https://openalex.org/W2807737462","https://openalex.org/W2964049638","https://openalex.org/W2988244882","https://openalex.org/W2995596828","https://openalex.org/W3018019331","https://openalex.org/W3047381018","https://openalex.org/W3115948762","https://openalex.org/W3144750446","https://openalex.org/W3186145246","https://openalex.org/W3201032495","https://openalex.org/W3205581618","https://openalex.org/W3217746002","https://openalex.org/W4206445567","https://openalex.org/W4231029117","https://openalex.org/W4255556848","https://openalex.org/W4310494058","https://openalex.org/W4320728679"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3133849001","https://openalex.org/W4220720865","https://openalex.org/W2802044484","https://openalex.org/W2282714694","https://openalex.org/W2088480663","https://openalex.org/W2024034645","https://openalex.org/W2792963552","https://openalex.org/W3047139727","https://openalex.org/W2154123831","https://openalex.org/W4386495894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Time":[1],"series":[2,10,21,33,108,211],"clustering":[3,51,62,116,209],"is":[4,59,120,171,190],"the":[5,105,157,167,172,227],"act":[6],"of":[7,75,176],"grouping":[8],"time":[9,20,32,43,107,180,210],"data":[11],"without":[12],"recourse":[13],"to":[14,206],"a":[15,31,185,203],"label.":[16],"Algorithms":[17],"that":[18,29,39,64,71,128,131,147,191],"cluster":[19],"can":[22],"be":[23,200],"classified":[24],"into":[25],"two":[26],"groups:":[27],"those":[28,38],"employ":[30,65,132],"specific":[34],"distance":[35,67,86,119,126,129,163,184,214],"measure":[36],"and":[37,88,95,127,221],"derive":[40],"features":[41],"from":[42],"series.":[44],"Both":[45],"approaches":[46],"usually":[47],"rely":[48],"on":[49,60,102,223,226],"traditional":[50],"algorithms":[52,63],"such":[53],"as":[54,202],"k":[55,93,96,149,154,196],"-means.":[56],"Our":[57,99,188],"focus":[58],"partitional":[61],"elastic":[66,85,162,213],"measures,":[68],"i.e.":[69],"distances":[70],"perform":[72],"some":[73],"kind":[74],"realignment":[76],"whilst":[77],"measuring":[78],"distance.":[79],"We":[80,112,144,216],"describe":[81],"nine":[82,161],"commonly":[83],"used":[84],"measures":[87,130],"compare":[89],"their":[90],"performance":[91],"with":[92,117,136,179,195,212],"-means":[94,155],"-medoids":[97,150,197],"clusterer.":[98],"findings,":[100],"based":[101],"experiments":[103],"using":[104,124,148],"UCR":[106],"archive,":[109],"are":[110,138],"surprising.":[111],"find":[113],"that,":[114],"generally,":[115],"DTW":[118,207],"not":[121],"better":[122,140],"than":[123,141,153],"Euclidean":[125],"editing":[133],"in":[134],"conjunction":[135],"warping":[137],"significantly":[139],"other":[142],"approaches.":[143],"further":[145],"observe":[146],"clusterer":[151,198],"rather":[152],"improves":[156],"clusterings":[158],"for":[159,208],"all":[160],"measures.":[164,215],"One":[165],"function,":[166],"move\u2013split\u2013merge":[168],"(MSM)":[169],"distance,":[170],"best":[173],"performing":[174],"algorithm":[175],"this":[177],"study,":[178],"warp":[181],"edit":[182],"(TWE)":[183],"close":[186],"second.":[187],"conclusion":[189],"MSM":[192],"or":[193],"TWE":[194],"should":[199],"considered":[201],"good":[204],"alternative":[205],"provide":[217],"implementations,":[218],"extensive":[219],"results":[220,225],"guidance":[222],"reproducing":[224],"associated":[228],"GitHub":[229],"repository.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2023-09-07T00:00:00"}
