{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4294833327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-022-01744-y","title":"Conversational question answering: a survey","display_name":"Conversational question answering: a survey","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4294833327","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-022-01744-y"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-022-01744-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-022-01744-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-022-01744-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-022-01744-y.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075012601","display_name":"Munazza Zaib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2394-0874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Munazza Zaib","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2394-0874","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070697660","display_name":"Wei Emma Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0406-5974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"The University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Emma Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080744092","display_name":"Quan Z. Sheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3326-4147"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Quan Z. Sheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086858608","display_name":"Adnan Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3526-9037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adnan Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100354571","display_name":"Yang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6821-2710"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5075012601"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":14.2892,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":110,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99144383,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"12","first_page":"3151","last_page":"3195"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/question-answering","display_name":"Question answering","score":0.8121663331985474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7641962766647339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.647129476070404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.6425439715385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.47636672854423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4755230247974396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.455271452665329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epitome","display_name":"Epitome","score":0.454590380191803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.34376975893974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3233915865421295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.0770469605922699}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44291984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074173","display_name":"Question answering","level":2,"score":0.8121663331985474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7641962766647339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.647129476070404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6425439715385437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.47636672854423523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4755230247974396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.455271452665329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775858994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5383732","display_name":"Epitome","level":2,"score":0.454590380191803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34376975893974304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3233915865421295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0770469605922699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-022-01744-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-022-01744-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-022-01744-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digital.library.adelaide.edu.au:2440/136554","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2440/136554","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401835","display_name":"Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","host_organization_name":"The University of Adelaide","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://link.springer.com/","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-022-01744-y","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-022-01744-y","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-022-01744-y.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G946297206","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"20201589","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320591","funder_display_name":"Macquarie University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320591","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294833327.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4294833327.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":100,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W277886906","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1552847225","https://openalex.org/W1902237438","https://openalex.org/W1919472201","https://openalex.org/W1977806095","https://openalex.org/W2059157630","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2094728533","https://openalex.org/W2104582871","https://openalex.org/W2116341502","https://openalex.org/W2130186082","https://openalex.org/W2130237711","https://openalex.org/W2183366530","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2251818205","https://openalex.org/W2278131208","https://openalex.org/W2557764419","https://openalex.org/W2561529111","https://openalex.org/W2584356431","https://openalex.org/W2606964149","https://openalex.org/W2606974598","https://openalex.org/W2612228435","https://openalex.org/W2741321799","https://openalex.org/W2741363662","https://openalex.org/W2747329762","https://openalex.org/W2759477115","https://openalex.org/W2763039547","https://openalex.org/W2786472750","https://openalex.org/W2888302696","https://openalex.org/W2891304738","https://openalex.org/W2894293047","https://openalex.org/W2898076813","https://openalex.org/W2905179823","https://openalex.org/W2917001081","https://openalex.org/W2946088473","https://openalex.org/W2946434750","https://openalex.org/W2950339735","https://openalex.org/W2953867581","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962833140","https://openalex.org/W2962883855","https://openalex.org/W2962974452","https://openalex.org/W2962985038","https://openalex.org/W2963068985","https://openalex.org/W2963096510","https://openalex.org/W2963101081","https://openalex.org/W2963123047","https://openalex.org/W2963159690","https://openalex.org/W2963323070","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963448850","https://openalex.org/W2963506049","https://openalex.org/W2963641152","https://openalex.org/W2963748441","https://openalex.org/W2963797754","https://openalex.org/W2963868320","https://openalex.org/W2963899988","https://openalex.org/W2963929190","https://openalex.org/W2963960541","https://openalex.org/W2963963993","https://openalex.org/W2964006684","https://openalex.org/W2964223283","https://openalex.org/W2969893967","https://openalex.org/W2970023150","https://openalex.org/W2970444947","https://openalex.org/W2970723181","https://openalex.org/W2970780738","https://openalex.org/W2970916293","https://openalex.org/W2972381305","https://openalex.org/W2977745385","https://openalex.org/W2979842165","https://openalex.org/W2983995706","https://openalex.org/W2987831083","https://openalex.org/W2998113400","https://openalex.org/W2998374885","https://openalex.org/W3002072934","https://openalex.org/W3004304303","https://openalex.org/W3015409108","https://openalex.org/W3029880367","https://openalex.org/W3034654340","https://openalex.org/W3034712001","https://openalex.org/W3046081331","https://openalex.org/W3093922720","https://openalex.org/W3099381148","https://openalex.org/W3099944244","https://openalex.org/W3102854726","https://openalex.org/W3105451204","https://openalex.org/W3117422238","https://openalex.org/W3128829605","https://openalex.org/W3143415700","https://openalex.org/W3148040514","https://openalex.org/W3154271556","https://openalex.org/W3165875610","https://openalex.org/W3175542978","https://openalex.org/W4205671217","https://openalex.org/W6600424091","https://openalex.org/W6601211009","https://openalex.org/W6605007916","https://openalex.org/W6628107832"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3157284875","https://openalex.org/W2147241511","https://openalex.org/W2259406085","https://openalex.org/W2099715052","https://openalex.org/W4226247999","https://openalex.org/W3090872036","https://openalex.org/W3209772662","https://openalex.org/W4200629926","https://openalex.org/W4220955952","https://openalex.org/W4287868219"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Question":[1],"answering":[2,52],"(QA)":[3],"systems":[4],"provide":[5,210],"a":[6,30,45,55,72,119,136,147,161,187,222],"way":[7],"of":[8,33,44,79,81,93,106,114,122,139,164,169,199,220,228],"querying":[9],"the":[10,42,61,77,82,91,104,112,129,143,165,177,197,214,218,226],"information":[11,74],"available":[12],"in":[13,25,67,146],"various":[14],"formats":[15],"including,":[16],"but":[17],"not":[18],"limited":[19],"to,":[20],"unstructured":[21],"and":[22,64,100,111,124,141],"structured":[23],"data":[24],"natural":[26],"languages.":[27],"It":[28],"constitutes":[29],"considerable":[31],"part":[32],"conversational":[34,50],"artificial":[35],"intelligence":[36],"(AI)":[37],"which":[38,195],"has":[39,96,185],"led":[40],"to":[41,59,70,88,103,128,150,159,192,209],"introduction":[43],"special":[46],"research":[47,84,125,167,215],"topic":[48],"on":[49,173],"question":[51],"(CQA),":[53],"wherein":[54],"system":[56],"is":[57,86,135,156,207],"required":[58],"understand":[60],"given":[62],"context":[63],"then":[65],"engages":[66],"multi-turn":[68,94,108,193],"QA":[69,95,109,194],"satisfy":[71],"user\u2019s":[73],"needs.":[75],"While":[76],"focus":[78],"most":[80],"existing":[83],"work":[85,145],"subjected":[87],"single-turn":[89,191],"QA,":[90],"field":[92,198,227],"recently":[97],"grasped":[98],"attention":[99],"prominence":[101],"owing":[102],"availability":[105],"large-scale,":[107],"datasets":[110],"development":[113],"pre-trained":[115],"language":[116],"models.":[117],"With":[118],"good":[120],"amount":[121],"models":[123],"papers":[126,175],"adding":[127],"literature":[130],"every":[131],"year":[132],"recently,":[133],"there":[134,184],"dire":[137],"need":[138],"arranging":[140],"presenting":[142],"related":[144],"unified":[148],"manner":[149],"streamline":[151],"future":[152],"research.":[153],"This":[154,205],"survey":[155,206],"an":[157,211],"effort":[158],"present":[160],"comprehensive":[162],"review":[163],"state-of-the-art":[166],"trends":[168],"CQA":[170],"primarily":[171],"based":[172],"reviewed":[174],"over":[176],"recent":[178],"years.":[179],"Our":[180],"findings":[181],"show":[182],"that":[183],"been":[186],"trend":[188],"shift":[189],"from":[190,202],"empowers":[196],"Conversational":[200],"AI":[201],"different":[203],"perspectives.":[204],"intended":[208],"epitome":[212],"for":[213,225],"community":[216],"with":[217],"hope":[219],"laying":[221],"strong":[223],"foundation":[224],"CQA.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}