{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3123829608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-022-01665-w","title":"A survey on extraction of causal relations from natural language text","display_name":"A survey on extraction of causal relations from natural language text","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3123829608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-022-01665-w","mag":"3123829608"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-022-01665-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-022-01665-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-022-01665-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-022-01665-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101445040","display_name":"Jie Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1317-8142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, 1 Cleveland Street, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, 1 Cleveland Street, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084419965","display_name":"Soyeon Caren Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1948-6819"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soyeon Caren Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, 1 Cleveland Street, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, 1 Cleveland Street, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085086413","display_name":"Josiah Poon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3371-8628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josiah Poon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, 1 Cleveland Street, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, The University of Sydney, 1 Cleveland Street, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101445040"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":11.0415,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":94,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98659559,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"5","first_page":"1161","last_page":"1186"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.801193118095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7882882356643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.715770423412323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relationship-extraction","display_name":"Relationship extraction","score":0.650039553642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6009560823440552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-extraction","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","score":0.5908840894699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.572375476360321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4993584156036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.4932491183280945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.49220696091651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-engineering","display_name":"Feature engineering","score":0.4869578778743744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4786047637462616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.47290337085723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.435219943523407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.4158817231655121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.39681458473205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.25651228427886963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.801193118095398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7882882356643677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.715770423412323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153604712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310755","display_name":"Relationship extraction","level":3,"score":0.650039553642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6009560823440552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.5908840894699097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.572375476360321},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4993584156036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.4932491183280945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.49220696091651917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778827112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22245680","display_name":"Feature engineering","level":3,"score":0.4869578778743744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4786047637462616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.47290337085723877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.435219943523407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.4158817231655121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.39681458473205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.25651228427886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-022-01665-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-022-01665-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-022-01665-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-022-01665-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-022-01665-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-022-01665-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7699999809265137}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320966","display_name":"University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3123829608.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3123829608.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":106,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W53390990","https://openalex.org/W85350352","https://openalex.org/W941477553","https://openalex.org/W1502417736","https://openalex.org/W1555694191","https://openalex.org/W1647645866","https://openalex.org/W1850865022","https://openalex.org/W1966238518","https://openalex.org/W1971048089","https://openalex.org/W1985744626","https://openalex.org/W1987290522","https://openalex.org/W1991018417","https://openalex.org/W1991145427","https://openalex.org/W1995183641","https://openalex.org/W2024201830","https://openalex.org/W2039462091","https://openalex.org/W2062046281","https://openalex.org/W2097352005","https://openalex.org/W2099550922","https://openalex.org/W2099779943","https://openalex.org/W2106560678","https://openalex.org/W2107598941","https://openalex.org/W2109318894","https://openalex.org/W2109553965","https://openalex.org/W2115178013","https://openalex.org/W2121227244","https://openalex.org/W2122513631","https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2129767020","https://openalex.org/W2131861279","https://openalex.org/W2139893985","https://openalex.org/W2142321231","https://openalex.org/W2145870355","https://openalex.org/W2152197045","https://openalex.org/W2152358231","https://openalex.org/W2153105942","https://openalex.org/W2154299908","https://openalex.org/W2155059851","https://openalex.org/W2161741964","https://openalex.org/W2162475884","https://openalex.org/W2166111585","https://openalex.org/W2168209463","https://openalex.org/W2178225550","https://openalex.org/W2180312923","https://openalex.org/W2181042685","https://openalex.org/W2273396394","https://openalex.org/W2334487059","https://openalex.org/W2341078838","https://openalex.org/W2403194270","https://openalex.org/W2408023948","https://openalex.org/W2470710153","https://openalex.org/W2508239101","https://openalex.org/W2513378248","https://openalex.org/W2514196055","https://openalex.org/W2579356637","https://openalex.org/W2583696759","https://openalex.org/W2585851266","https://openalex.org/W2600659824","https://openalex.org/W2604792945","https://openalex.org/W2605179600","https://openalex.org/W2741867925","https://openalex.org/W2752223904","https://openalex.org/W2759211898","https://openalex.org/W2760057941","https://openalex.org/W2786559064","https://openalex.org/W2786807090","https://openalex.org/W2798393196","https://openalex.org/W2799125718","https://openalex.org/W2807495535","https://openalex.org/W2887293266","https://openalex.org/W2889363461","https://openalex.org/W2892094955","https://openalex.org/W2901387348","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2911494764","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2937815589","https://openalex.org/W2937845937","https://openalex.org/W2952179106","https://openalex.org/W2952768212","https://openalex.org/W2962739339","https://openalex.org/W2962946486","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2963613359","https://openalex.org/W2963997908","https://openalex.org/W2964217331","https://openalex.org/W2969899802","https://openalex.org/W2970391844","https://openalex.org/W2970771982","https://openalex.org/W2970778761","https://openalex.org/W2971196929","https://openalex.org/W2971221499","https://openalex.org/W2971258845","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3021184789","https://openalex.org/W3034598693","https://openalex.org/W3035259209","https://openalex.org/W3037109418","https://openalex.org/W3090079961","https://openalex.org/W3101327207","https://openalex.org/W3101748173","https://openalex.org/W3103836967","https://openalex.org/W3105063288","https://openalex.org/W3154318479","https://openalex.org/W3156959996","https://openalex.org/W4242928353"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W842810586","https://openalex.org/W4319940250","https://openalex.org/W2352298027","https://openalex.org/W2092919065","https://openalex.org/W3138801416","https://openalex.org/W4236762297","https://openalex.org/W2444550338","https://openalex.org/W2357854711","https://openalex.org/W2169232658","https://openalex.org/W4243448361"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"As":[1],"an":[2],"essential":[3],"component":[4],"of":[5,74,107,129,142,182],"human":[6],"cognition,":[7],"cause\u2013effect":[8,16],"relations":[9,17],"appear":[10],"frequently":[11],"in":[12,21,117,151],"text,":[13],"and":[14,38,47,61,85,113,126,160,168],"curating":[15],"from":[18,103],"text":[19],"helps":[20],"building":[22],"causal":[23,173],"networks":[24],"for":[25,172],"predictive":[26],"tasks.":[27],"Existing":[28],"causality":[29,143,153],"extraction":[30],"techniques":[31,99,185],"include":[32,122],"knowledge-based,":[33],"statistical":[34],"machine":[35,67],"learning":[36,68,98,111],"(ML)-based,":[37],"deep":[39,97],"learning-based":[40],"approaches.":[41],"Each":[42],"method":[43],"has":[44],"its":[45,108],"advantages":[46],"weaknesses.":[48],"For":[49],"example,":[50],"knowledge-based":[51],"methods":[52,69,171],"are":[53,70],"understandable":[54],"but":[55],"require":[56],"extensive":[57],"manual":[58],"domain":[59],"knowledge":[60],"have":[62],"poor":[63],"cross-domain":[64],"applicability.":[65],"Statistical":[66],"more":[71],"automated":[72],"because":[73,106],"natural":[75],"language":[76],"processing":[77],"(NLP)":[78],"toolkits.":[79],"However,":[80],"feature":[81],"engineering":[82],"is":[83],"labor-intensive,":[84],"toolkits":[86],"may":[87],"lead":[88],"to":[89],"error":[90],"propagation.":[91],"In":[92,134],"the":[93,114,152,183],"past":[94],"few":[95],"years,":[96],"attract":[100],"substantial":[101],"attention":[102],"NLP":[104],"researchers":[105],"powerful":[109],"representation":[110],"ability":[112],"rapid":[115],"increase":[116],"computational":[118,124],"resources.":[119],"Their":[120],"limitations":[121],"high":[123],"costs":[125],"a":[127,139,179],"lack":[128],"adequate":[130],"annotated":[131],"training":[132],"data.":[133],"this":[135],"paper,":[136],"we":[137,164,177,191],"conduct":[138],"comprehensive":[140],"survey":[141],"extraction.":[144,175],"We":[145],"initially":[146],"introduce":[147],"primary":[148],"forms":[149],"existing":[150,193],"extraction:":[154],"explicit":[155],"intra-sentential":[156],"causality,":[157,159],"implicit":[158],"inter-sentential":[161],"causality.":[162],"Next,":[163],"list":[165],"benchmark":[166],"datasets":[167],"modeling":[169],"assessment":[170],"relation":[174],"Then,":[176],"present":[178],"structured":[180],"overview":[181],"three":[184],"with":[186,196],"their":[187,197],"representative":[188],"systems.":[189],"Lastly,":[190],"highlight":[192],"open":[194],"challenges":[195],"potential":[198],"directions.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-21T08:13:44.787528","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
