{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205446035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-021-01637-6","title":"The phantom steering effect in Q&A websites","display_name":"The phantom steering effect in Q&A websites","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205446035","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-021-01637-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-021-01637-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-021-01637-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-021-01637-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-021-01637-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054006651","display_name":"Nicholas Hoernle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9199-7226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Hoernle","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9199-7226","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045114890","display_name":"Gregory Kehne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3375-5576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregory Kehne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041089506","display_name":"Ariel D. Procaccia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8774-5827"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801851002","display_name":"Harvard University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/006v7bf86","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ariel D. Procaccia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard University, Cambridge, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard University, Cambridge, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801851002"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024303852","display_name":"Kobi Gal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7187-8572"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I124227911","display_name":"Ben-Gurion University of the Negev","ror":"https://ror.org/05tkyf982","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB","IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kobi Gal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ben-Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel","School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ben-Gurion University, Beersheba, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I124227911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054006651"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.6381,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71422943,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"2","first_page":"475","last_page":"506"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13274","display_name":"Expert finding and Q&A systems","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10609","display_name":"Digital Marketing and Social Media","score":0.991100013256073,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12028","display_name":"Knowledge Management and Sharing","score":0.9804999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/incentive","display_name":"Incentive","score":0.8718647360801697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6520148515701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenomenon","display_name":"Phenomenon","score":0.6410970091819763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.6174655556678772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6031692028045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stack","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","score":0.5806372165679932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5134637951850891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.4875633120536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-psychology","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","score":0.3477051556110382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.32605892419815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.32254910469055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2317245602607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.2033192217350006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1429722011089325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.11510071158409119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication","display_name":"Communication","score":0.096234530210495}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29122968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414816","display_name":"Incentive","level":2,"score":0.8718647360801697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6520148515701294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50335755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483247","display_name":"Phenomenon","level":2,"score":0.6410970091819763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6174655556678772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6031692028045654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9395851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177929","display_name":"Stack (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5806372165679932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5134637951850891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.4875633120536804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3477051556110382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.32605892419815063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32254910469055176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2317245602607727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.2033192217350006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1429722011089325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.11510071158409119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.096234530210495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-021-01637-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-021-01637-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-021-01637-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/419335b1-c177-4bb5-b154-ba9dea38bbfd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/419335b1-c177-4bb5-b154-ba9dea38bbfd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Hoernle, N, Kehne, G, Procaccia, A D & Gal, K 2022, 'The phantom steering effect in Q &A websites', Knowledge and Information Systems, vol. 64, no. 2, pp. 475-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-021-01637-6","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-021-01637-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-021-01637-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-021-01637-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3260182487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-20-1-2488","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3410593553","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-2007080","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5211587205","display_name":"AitF: Algorithms and Mechanisms for Kidney Exchange","funder_award_id":"1733556","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8876996369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307868","display_name":"Commonwealth Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05rhej692"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205446035.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205446035.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W195465510","https://openalex.org/W988853315","https://openalex.org/W1541799494","https://openalex.org/W1601795611","https://openalex.org/W1978738742","https://openalex.org/W2006608250","https://openalex.org/W2051963836","https://openalex.org/W2064677871","https://openalex.org/W2103878673","https://openalex.org/W2130204757","https://openalex.org/W2148527862","https://openalex.org/W2788752958","https://openalex.org/W2954532376","https://openalex.org/W2990737658","https://openalex.org/W4239412360","https://openalex.org/W6604896550","https://openalex.org/W6630827713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W4290792893","https://openalex.org/W2049133647","https://openalex.org/W2023277482","https://openalex.org/W2323000064","https://openalex.org/W2361879592","https://openalex.org/W2132333037","https://openalex.org/W2982970704","https://openalex.org/W2042462618"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Virtual":[1],"rewards,":[2,55],"such":[3,25,56],"as":[4,12],"badges,":[5],"are":[6,211],"commonly":[7],"used":[8,220],"in":[9,50,221,231],"online":[10,218],"platforms":[11],"incentives":[13,219],"for":[14,157,229],"promoting":[15],"contributions":[16,35],"from":[17],"a":[18,43,57,67,148,190],"userbase.":[19],"It":[20],"is":[21,112,132,138],"widely":[22],"accepted":[23],"that":[24,62,92,133,154,204,214],"rewards":[26,103],"\u201csteer\u201d":[27],"people\u2019s":[28],"behaviour":[29,49,80,210],"towards":[30],"increasing":[31],"their":[32,79],"rate":[33],"of":[34,47,53,69,74,84,96,117,119,136,161,173,186,193,216],"before":[36,123],"obtaining":[37],"the":[38,51,70,72,82,102,108,115,128,134,158,162,169,184,194,205,217],"reward.":[39,129,170],"This":[40,110],"paper":[41],"provides":[42],"new":[44],"probabilistic":[45],"model":[46],"user":[48,209],"presence":[52,172],"threshold":[54],"badges.":[58],"We":[59,146,188],"find,":[60],"surprisingly,":[61],"while":[63],"steering":[64,137,175],"does":[65],"affect":[66],"minority":[68],"population,":[71],"majority":[73],"users":[75,99,163,195],"do":[76,165],"not":[77,166,225],"change":[78],"around":[81],"achievement":[83],"these":[85],"virtual":[86],"rewards.":[87],"In":[88],"particular,":[89],"we":[90],"find":[91],"only":[93],"approximately":[94],"5\u201330%":[95],"Stack":[97,197,222],"Overflow":[98,198,223],"who":[100,164],"achieve":[101,127],"appear":[104],"to":[105,107,168,179],"respond":[106,167],"incentives.":[109],"result":[111],"based":[113],"on":[114,196],"analysis":[116],"thousands":[118],"users\u2019":[120,232],"activity":[121],"patterns":[122],"and":[124,213],"after":[125],"they":[126],"Our":[130],"conclusion":[131],"phenomenon":[135],"less":[139],"common":[140],"than":[141],"has":[142],"previously":[143],"been":[144],"claimed.":[145],"identify":[147],"statistical":[149],"phenomenon,":[150],"termed":[151],"\u201cPhantom":[152],"Steering\u201d,":[153],"can":[155],"account":[156],"interaction":[159],"data":[160],"The":[171],"phantom":[174],"may":[176,224],"have":[177],"contributed":[178],"some":[180,215],"previous":[181],"conclusions":[182],"about":[183],"ubiquity":[185],"steering.":[187],"conduct":[189],"qualitative":[191],"survey":[192],"which":[199],"supports":[200],"our":[201],"results,":[202],"suggesting":[203],"motivating":[206],"factors":[207],"behind":[208],"complex,":[212],"be":[226],"solely":[227],"responsible":[228],"changes":[230],"contribution":[233],"rates.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-01-26T00:00:00"}