{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3146478267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-021-01560-w","title":"The impact of data difficulty factors on classification of imbalanced and concept drifting data streams","display_name":"The impact of data difficulty factors on classification of imbalanced and concept drifting data streams","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3146478267","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-021-01560-w","mag":"3146478267"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-021-01560-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-021-01560-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-021-01560-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-021-01560-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060327349","display_name":"Dariusz Brzezi\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9723-525X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46597724","display_name":"Pozna\u0144 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p7p3302","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dariusz Brzezinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Science, Center for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 2, 60-965, Poznan, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9723-525X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Science, Center for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 2, 60-965, Poznan, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064089961","display_name":"Leandro L. Minku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2639-0671"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","display_name":"University of Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/03angcq70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leandro L. Minku","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2639-0671","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077579387","display_name":"Tomasz Pewinski","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46597724","display_name":"Pozna\u0144 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p7p3302","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomasz Pewinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Science, Center for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 2, 60-965, Poznan, Poland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Science, Center for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 2, 60-965, Poznan, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053315898","display_name":"Jerzy Stefanowski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4949-8271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46597724","display_name":"Pozna\u0144 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p7p3302","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerzy Stefanowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Science, Center for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 2, 60-965, Poznan, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4949-8271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Science, Center for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 2, 60-965, Poznan, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074749961","display_name":"Artur Szumaczuk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0329-5022"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46597724","display_name":"Pozna\u0144 University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p7p3302","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artur Szumaczuk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computing Science, Center for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 2, 60-965, Poznan, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0329-5022","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computing Science, Center for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 2, 60-965, Poznan, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060327349"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46597724"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":5.1864,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96079774,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"6","first_page":"1429","last_page":"1469"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-stream-mining","display_name":"Data stream mining","score":0.7712693214416504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7434511184692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.7377157807350159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/concept-drift","display_name":"Concept drift","score":0.700586199760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.588611364364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.5645427703857422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5489063262939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5419266223907471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streams","display_name":"STREAMS","score":0.4582052230834961}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89198739","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3079880","display_name":"Data stream mining","level":2,"score":0.7712693214416504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7434511184692383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.7377157807350159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60777511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045002","display_name":"Concept drift","level":3,"score":0.700586199760437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.588611364364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5645427703857422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5489063262939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5419266223907471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42090638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4048907","display_name":"STREAMS","level":2,"score":0.4582052230834961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-021-01560-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-021-01560-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-021-01560-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/f276eec0-b806-4b1e-9815-ceced8d8fc18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/f276eec0-b806-4b1e-9815-ceced8d8fc18","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Brzezinski, D, Minku, L, Pewinski, T, Stefanowski, J & Szumaczuk, A 2021, 'The impact of data difficulty factors on classification of imbalanced and concept drifting data streams', Knowledge and Information Systems, vol. 63, no. 6, pp. 1429-1469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-021-01560-w","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/f276eec0-b806-4b1e-9815-ceced8d8fc18","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/the-impact-of-data-difficulty-factors-on-classification-of-imbalanced-and-concept-drifting-data-streams(f276eec0-b806-4b1e-9815-ceced8d8fc18).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-021-01560-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-021-01560-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10115-021-01560-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2400599322","display_name":"Foundations of Trustworthy AI - Integrating Reasoning, Learning and Optimization","funder_award_id":"952215","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338475","funder_display_name":"H2020 LEIT Information and Communication Technologies"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2619062211","display_name":"Stable Prediction of Defect-Inducing Software Changes (SPDISC)","funder_award_id":"EP/R006660/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4503793231","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R006660/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4781280766","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/R006660/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6192470683","display_name":"Stable Prediction of Defect-Inducing Software Changes (SPDISC)","funder_award_id":"EP/R006660/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G781164028","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R006660/2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338475","display_name":"H2020 LEIT Information and Communication Technologies","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3146478267.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3146478267.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":92,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W64908097","https://openalex.org/W85350352","https://openalex.org/W88102734","https://openalex.org/W102369970","https://openalex.org/W134582654","https://openalex.org/W341336861","https://openalex.org/W571200655","https://openalex.org/W752888290","https://openalex.org/W1036088323","https://openalex.org/W1490989942","https://openalex.org/W1503979119","https://openalex.org/W1524077745","https://openalex.org/W1537430301","https://openalex.org/W1561613409","https://openalex.org/W1565746575","https://openalex.org/W1577965913","https://openalex.org/W1592804209","https://openalex.org/W1600293573","https://openalex.org/W1625429786","https://openalex.org/W1904826605","https://openalex.org/W1941659294","https://openalex.org/W1966520976","https://openalex.org/W1980435364","https://openalex.org/W1988812547","https://openalex.org/W1990079212","https://openalex.org/W1997422292","https://openalex.org/W2000454347","https://openalex.org/W2011376672","https://openalex.org/W2037242621","https://openalex.org/W2068714596","https://openalex.org/W2072615238","https://openalex.org/W2073256825","https://openalex.org/W2082168306","https://openalex.org/W2086075853","https://openalex.org/W2088220893","https://openalex.org/W2088654600","https://openalex.org/W2093919988","https://openalex.org/W2096529583","https://openalex.org/W2099419573","https://openalex.org/W2105531169","https://openalex.org/W2107327607","https://openalex.org/W2123003172","https://openalex.org/W2124288185","https://openalex.org/W2135335717","https://openalex.org/W2137029138","https://openalex.org/W2137822999","https://openalex.org/W2139327121","https://openalex.org/W2140164381","https://openalex.org/W2146619110","https://openalex.org/W2156357252","https://openalex.org/W2160409620","https://openalex.org/W2163302275","https://openalex.org/W2164330572","https://openalex.org/W2165232124","https://openalex.org/W2226725405","https://openalex.org/W2244109919","https://openalex.org/W2271930322","https://openalex.org/W2287755163","https://openalex.org/W2289463038","https://openalex.org/W2293050121","https://openalex.org/W2343742239","https://openalex.org/W2400267228","https://openalex.org/W2490420619","https://openalex.org/W2526823171","https://openalex.org/W2528421823","https://openalex.org/W2577513693","https://openalex.org/W2585528949","https://openalex.org/W2602516395","https://openalex.org/W2604756720","https://openalex.org/W2609824096","https://openalex.org/W2740428142","https://openalex.org/W2752201871","https://openalex.org/W2756598814","https://openalex.org/W2780357316","https://openalex.org/W2782162959","https://openalex.org/W2791425844","https://openalex.org/W2793511696","https://openalex.org/W2800788706","https://openalex.org/W2808432620","https://openalex.org/W2884253456","https://openalex.org/W2891560655","https://openalex.org/W2895206473","https://openalex.org/W2897069058","https://openalex.org/W2912934387","https://openalex.org/W2922186538","https://openalex.org/W2945271821","https://openalex.org/W2950228214","https://openalex.org/W2955232136","https://openalex.org/W2963250192","https://openalex.org/W3004110857","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4243367342"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2802243998","https://openalex.org/W4200217704","https://openalex.org/W2469699777","https://openalex.org/W3201554469","https://openalex.org/W2368264659","https://openalex.org/W4307392573","https://openalex.org/W3112950814","https://openalex.org/W2060628068","https://openalex.org/W2161835057","https://openalex.org/W2026324356"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Class":[1],"imbalance":[2,27],"introduces":[3],"additional":[4],"challenges":[5,204],"when":[6],"learning":[7],"classifiers":[8,188],"from":[9],"concept":[10,74,86,113,133],"drifting":[11,87,100],"data":[12,34,41,49,78,88,126,139,208],"streams.":[13,102,209],"Most":[14],"existing":[15,170,187],"work":[16],"focuses":[17],"on":[18,38,99,145],"designing":[19],"new":[20,110,158,198],"algorithms":[21],"for":[22,115,184],"dealing":[23],"with":[24,122,194],"the":[25,44,71,94,130,154,181],"global":[26,135,195],"ratio":[28],"and":[29,57,76,124,142,161],"does":[30],"not":[31,82],"consider":[32],"other":[33],"complexities.":[35],"Independent":[36],"research":[37],"static":[39],"imbalanced":[40,101,117,207],"has":[42],"highlighted":[43],"influential":[45],"role":[46],"of":[47,59,62,96,112,132,147,157,177,192],"local":[48,77,138,163],"difficulty":[50,79,140],"factors":[51,80,160,179],"such":[52,97,174],"as":[53,165,167],"minority":[54],"class":[55,116,136,196],"decomposition":[56],"presence":[58],"unsafe":[60],"types":[61],"examples.":[63],"Despite":[64],"often":[65],"being":[66],"present":[67],"in":[68,85,169],"real-world":[69],"data,":[70],"interactions":[72,98],"between":[73],"drifts":[75,114],"have":[81],"been":[83],"investigated":[84],"streams":[89],"yet.":[90],"We":[91],"thoroughly":[92],"study":[93,129],"impact":[95],"For":[103],"this":[104],"purpose,":[105],"we":[106,128],"put":[107],"forward":[108],"a":[109],"categorization":[111],"problems.":[118],"Through":[119],"comprehensive":[120],"experiments":[121],"synthetic":[123],"real":[125],"streams,":[127],"influence":[131,156],"drifts,":[134,164],"imbalance,":[137,197],"factors,":[141],"their":[143,162],"combinations,":[144],"predictions":[146],"representative":[148],"online":[149],"classifiers.":[150,185],"Experimental":[151],"results":[152],"reveal":[153],"high":[155],"considered":[159],"well":[166],"differences":[168],"classifiers\u2019":[171],"reactions":[172],"to":[173,202],"factors.":[175],"Combinations":[176],"multiple":[178],"are":[180,189,200],"most":[182],"challenging":[183],"Although":[186],"partially":[190],"capable":[191],"coping":[193],"approaches":[199],"needed":[201],"address":[203],"posed":[205],"by":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}