{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2567533607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-017-1116-3","title":"Auditing Black-Box Models for Indirect Influence","display_name":"Auditing Black-Box Models for Indirect Influence","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2567533607","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-017-1116-3","mag":"2567533607"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-017-1116-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-017-1116-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1602.07043","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045452175","display_name":"Philip Adler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4114-5076"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155707491","display_name":"Haverford College","ror":"https://ror.org/04fnrxr62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Philip Adler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA","Haverford College, Philadelphia, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haverford College, Philadelphia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044747944","display_name":"Casey Falk","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155707491","display_name":"Haverford College","ror":"https://ror.org/04fnrxr62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Casey Falk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA","Haverford College, Philadelphia, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haverford College, Philadelphia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086384189","display_name":"Sorelle A. Friedler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6023-1597"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155707491","display_name":"Haverford College","ror":"https://ror.org/04fnrxr62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sorelle A. Friedler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA","Haverford College, Philadelphia, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haverford College, Philadelphia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tionney Nix","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155707491","display_name":"Haverford College","ror":"https://ror.org/04fnrxr62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tionney Nix","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA","Haverford College, Philadelphia, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haverford College, Philadelphia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024291236","display_name":"Gabriel Rybeck","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155707491","display_name":"Haverford College","ror":"https://ror.org/04fnrxr62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Rybeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA","University of Arizona, Tucson, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona, Tucson, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035997603","display_name":"Carlos Scheidegger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9163-6136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155707491","display_name":"Haverford College","ror":"https://ror.org/04fnrxr62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Scheidegger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","Haverford College, Philadelphia, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Haverford College, Philadelphia, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066543249","display_name":"Brandon Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8471-1368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155707491","display_name":"Haverford College","ror":"https://ror.org/04fnrxr62","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brandon Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA","University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Haverford College, Haverford, PA, 19041, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061790878","display_name":"Suresh Venkatasubramanian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7679-7130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suresh Venkatasubramanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045452175"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155707491"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.3321,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96026124,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11652","display_name":"Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques","score":0.9912999868392944,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9890999794006348,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-box","display_name":"Black box","score":0.8834275007247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audit","display_name":"Audit","score":0.7297109365463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7170327305793762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.6663865447044373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.6575212478637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.643733561038971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6316759586334229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5578034520149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selection","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","score":0.5567156672477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/model-selection","display_name":"Model selection","score":0.5101804733276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-modelling","display_name":"Predictive modelling","score":0.5038601756095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"Race (biology)","score":0.419141948223114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.36978036165237427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94966114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29256","display_name":"Black box","level":2,"score":0.8834275007247925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199521495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487","display_name":"Audit","level":2,"score":0.7297109365463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7170327305793762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.6663865447044373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6575212478637695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.643733561038971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6316759586334229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5578034520149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.5567156672477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93959086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888345","display_name":"Model selection","level":2,"score":0.5101804733276367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.5038601756095886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.419141948223114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36978036165237427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10115-017-1116-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-017-1116-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81770430","display_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","issn_l":"0219-1377","issn":["0219-1377","0219-3116"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Knowledge and Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1109/icdm.2016.0011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/icdm.2016.0011","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 IEEE 16th International Conference on Data Mining (ICDM)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1602.07043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1602.07043","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1602.07043","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2567533607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/1602.07043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1602.07043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1602.07043","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1602.07043","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1602.07043","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1602.07043","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.550000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2567533607.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2567533607.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535817324","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1875061881","https://openalex.org/W1918466020","https://openalex.org/W1964453394","https://openalex.org/W1979931683","https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2019575783","https://openalex.org/W2090026354","https://openalex.org/W2094607999","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2125101937","https://openalex.org/W2128906841","https://openalex.org/W2143481518","https://openalex.org/W2166454173","https://openalex.org/W2167101736","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2294370754","https://openalex.org/W2295428206","https://openalex.org/W2339740280","https://openalex.org/W2347129741","https://openalex.org/W2510508396","https://openalex.org/W2735886174","https://openalex.org/W2736287575","https://openalex.org/W2808105152","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2950789693","https://openalex.org/W2962977265","https://openalex.org/W2964031043","https://openalex.org/W3103913776","https://openalex.org/W4231916799","https://openalex.org/W4232062633","https://openalex.org/W4248358572","https://openalex.org/W6631859445","https://openalex.org/W6640775343","https://openalex.org/W6662878164","https://openalex.org/W6678242812","https://openalex.org/W6678893313","https://openalex.org/W6684387400","https://openalex.org/W6751060025","https://openalex.org/W6785886732","https://openalex.org/W6809680140"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2962977265","https://openalex.org/W2279943773","https://openalex.org/W2014352947","https://openalex.org/W2100960835","https://openalex.org/W2510508396","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2040825624","https://openalex.org/W3201210234","https://openalex.org/W2976634804","https://openalex.org/W2995540727","https://openalex.org/W3181912721","https://openalex.org/W3166807813","https://openalex.org/W2971908828","https://openalex.org/W2967753664","https://openalex.org/W3133409647","https://openalex.org/W2949911499","https://openalex.org/W2150165932","https://openalex.org/W2954871450","https://openalex.org/W3101609372","https://openalex.org/W3212121750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data-trained":[0],"predictive":[1],"models":[2,54,91,105],"see":[3],"widespread":[4],"use,":[5],"but":[6],"for":[7,78,172,201],"the":[8,42,50,86,98,104,111,144,146,153,162,174,202,241],"most":[9],"part":[10],"they":[11],"are":[12,66],"used":[13],"as":[14,62,194,230,232],"black":[15],"boxes":[16],"which":[17,82,89],"output":[18],"a":[19,29,76,128,208,251],"prediction":[20,254],"or":[21,55,64],"score.":[22],"It":[23],"is":[24,46,148,169,176],"therefore":[25],"hard":[26],"to":[27,88,151,165,249],"acquire":[28],"deeper":[30],"understanding":[31],"of":[32,52,94,113,143,204,210,243],"model":[33,43,154,164,175],"behavior":[34,51],"and":[35,182,215,227],"in":[36,97,136],"particular":[37,95],"how":[38,103,116],"different":[39],"features":[40,96,118],"influence":[41,121,192],"prediction.":[44],"This":[45,168],"important":[47,170],"when":[48],"interpreting":[49],"complex":[53],"asserting":[56],"that":[57,189],"certain":[58],"problematic":[59],"attributes":[60],"(such":[61],"race":[63],"gender)":[65],"not":[67,149,160],"unduly":[68],"influencing":[69],"decisions.":[70],"In":[71],"this":[72,244],"paper,":[73],"we":[74,130,246],"present":[75,198],"technique":[77],"auditing":[79,236],"black-box":[80,163,235,252],"models,":[81],"lets":[83],"us":[84],"study":[85],"extent":[87],"existing":[90],"take":[92],"advantage":[93],"data":[99,213],"set,":[100],"without":[101],"knowing":[102],"work.":[106],"Our":[107,157],"work":[108,185],"focuses":[109],"on":[110],"problem":[112],"indirect":[114],"influence:":[115],"some":[117],"might":[119],"indirectly":[120],"outcomes":[122],"via":[123,179],"other,":[124],"related":[125],"features.":[126],"As":[127],"result,":[129],"can":[131],"find":[132],"attribute":[133,147],"influences":[134],"even":[135],"cases":[137],"where,":[138],"upon":[139],"further":[140,239],"direct":[141],"examination":[142],"model,":[145],"referred":[150],"by":[152],"at":[155],"all.":[156],"approach":[158],"does":[159],"require":[161],"be":[166],"retrained.":[167],"if,":[171],"example,":[173],"only":[177],"accessible":[178],"an":[180],"API,":[181],"contrasts":[183],"our":[184,205,220],"with":[186],"other":[187,234],"methods":[188],"investigate":[190],"feature":[191,195,228],"such":[193],"selection.":[196],"We":[197,217],"experimental":[199],"evidence":[200],"effectiveness":[203,242],"procedure":[206,221],"using":[207,222],"variety":[209],"publicly":[211],"available":[212],"sets":[214],"models.":[216],"also":[218],"validate":[219],"techniques":[223],"from":[224],"interpretable":[225],"learning":[226],"selection,":[229],"well":[231],"against":[233],"procedures.":[237],"To":[238],"demonstrate":[240],"technique,":[245],"use":[247],"it":[248],"audit":[250],"recidivism":[253],"algorithm.":[255]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T23:56:10.502304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}