{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2097685766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10107-002-0323-0","title":"On the capacitated vehicle routing problem","display_name":"On the capacitated vehicle routing problem","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2097685766","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10107-002-0323-0","mag":"2097685766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10107-002-0323-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10107-002-0323-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193920097","display_name":"Mathematical Programming","issn_l":"0025-5610","issn":["0025-5610","1436-4646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematical Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080991298","display_name":"Ted K. Ralphs","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4306-9089"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186143895","display_name":"Lehigh University","ror":"https://ror.org/012afjb06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T.K. Ralphs","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18017, e-mail: tkralphs@lehigh.edu, http://www.lehigh.edu/\u223ctkr2, , , , , , US","Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18017, e-mail: tkralphs@lehigh.edu, http://www.lehigh.edu/\u223ctkr2, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18017, e-mail: tkralphs@lehigh.edu, http://www.lehigh.edu/\u223ctkr2, , , , , , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18017, e-mail: tkralphs@lehigh.edu, http://www.lehigh.edu/\u223ctkr2, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086776911","display_name":"Leonid Kopman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Kopman","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of OR&IE, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, , , , , , US","School of OR&IE, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of OR&IE, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, , , , , , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of OR&IE, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016219449","display_name":"William R. Pulleyblank","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W.R. Pulleyblank","raw_affiliation_strings":["Exploratory Server Systems and The Deep Computing Institute, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, , , , , , US","Exploratory Server Systems and The Deep Computing Institute, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, , US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Exploratory Server Systems and The Deep Computing Institute, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, , , , , , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Exploratory Server Systems and The Deep Computing Institute, IBM Research, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089191096","display_name":"L. E. Trotter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L.E. Trotter","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of OR&IE, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, e-mail: ltrotter@cs.cornell.edu, , , , , , US","School of OR&IE, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, e-mail: ltrotter@cs.cornell.edu, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of OR&IE, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, e-mail: ltrotter@cs.cornell.edu, , , , , , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of OR&IE, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, e-mail: ltrotter@cs.cornell.edu, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2890,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":27.9689,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":399,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99838679,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"94","issue":"2-3","first_page":"343","last_page":"359"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12176","display_name":"Optimization and Packing Problems","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11814","display_name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-routing-problem","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","score":0.6925859451293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6605308651924133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/travelling-salesman-problem","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","score":0.630207896232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.52593594789505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.4962959885597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorial-optimization","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","score":0.4924484193325043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer-programming","display_name":"Integer programming","score":0.48942795395851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/2-opt","display_name":"2-opt","score":0.4548930525779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/branch-and-cut","display_name":"Branch and cut","score":0.43884578347206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3711453378200531}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123784306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944041","display_name":"Vehicle routing problem","level":3,"score":0.6925859451293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6605308651924133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175859090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q322212","display_name":"Travelling salesman problem","level":2,"score":0.630207896232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.52593594789505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.4962959885597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52692508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333872","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","level":2,"score":0.4924484193325043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.48942795395851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106472803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q291440","display_name":"2-opt","level":3,"score":0.4548930525779724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50797617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498566","display_name":"Branch and cut","level":3,"score":0.43884578347206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3711453378200531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10107-002-0323-0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10107-002-0323-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S193920097","display_name":"Mathematical Programming","issn_l":"0025-5610","issn":["0025-5610","1436-4646"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Mathematical Programming","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.186.8939","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.186.8939","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://osiris.tuwien.ac.at/%7Ewgarn/VehicleRouting/neo/data/articles/RKPT01.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.2.9240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.2.9240","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://branchandcut.org/pub/reference/vrp.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.205.3140","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.205.3140","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://osiris.tuwien.ac.at/%7Ewgarn/VehicleRouting/vrp.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.23.837","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.23.837","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.lehigh.edu/~tkr2/cv/../research/papers/vrp.ps","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.67.9335","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.67.9335","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.lehigh.edu/~tkr2/research/papers/VRP.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W89486219","https://openalex.org/W91534149","https://openalex.org/W1501435780","https://openalex.org/W1583961104","https://openalex.org/W1586016561","https://openalex.org/W1606779053","https://openalex.org/W1998205685","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2012355441","https://openalex.org/W2017555839","https://openalex.org/W2029392610","https://openalex.org/W2035228443","https://openalex.org/W2055942436","https://openalex.org/W2072550287","https://openalex.org/W2074533831","https://openalex.org/W2101011973","https://openalex.org/W2111563176","https://openalex.org/W2163428398","https://openalex.org/W2306450457"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2946024655","https://openalex.org/W2125126715","https://openalex.org/W4246557197","https://openalex.org/W2758988501","https://openalex.org/W1604040598","https://openalex.org/W2392203420","https://openalex.org/W3013791021","https://openalex.org/W2079721241","https://openalex.org/W2075572857","https://openalex.org/W2146364482"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}