{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226366251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-022-00644-4","title":"Immersive machine learning for social attitude detection in virtual reality narrative games","display_name":"Immersive machine learning for social attitude detection in virtual reality narrative games","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226366251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-022-00644-4"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10055-022-00644-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-022-00644-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10055-022-00644-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495878607","display_name":"Virtual Reality","issn_l":"1359-4338","issn":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10055-022-00644-4.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007232572","display_name":"Georgiana Cristina Dobre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9284-9954"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55521800","display_name":"Goldsmiths University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/01khx4a30","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I55521800"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Georgiana Cristina Dobre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9284-9954","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55521800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068750913","display_name":"Marco Gillies","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3100-9230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55521800","display_name":"Goldsmiths University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/01khx4a30","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I55521800"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Gillies","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55521800"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049232311","display_name":"Xueni Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1282-1469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55521800","display_name":"Goldsmiths University of London","ror":"https://ror.org/01khx4a30","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I55521800"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xueni Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55521800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5007232572"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55521800"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":3.3955,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93677896,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"4","first_page":"1519","last_page":"1538"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12214","display_name":"Media Influence and Health","score":0.9865000247955322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7464650869369507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5852363109588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5294256806373596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.5031036734580994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/judgement","display_name":"Judgement","score":0.46979010105133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.46014249324798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43826836347579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4306918978691101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.4036010503768921}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7464650869369507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5852363109588623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5294256806373596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.5031036734580994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776548248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12621536","display_name":"Judgement","level":2,"score":0.46979010105133057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.46014249324798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43826836347579956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4306918978691101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.4036010503768921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10055-022-00644-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-022-00644-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10055-022-00644-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495878607","display_name":"Virtual Reality","issn_l":"1359-4338","issn":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gold.ac.uk:31463","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400496","display_name":"Goldsmiths (University of London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I166337079","host_organization_name":"Queen Mary University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166337079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Published Version","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:uni-augsburg.opus-bayern.de:112653","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/frontdoor/index/index/docId/112653","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400930","display_name":"OPUS (Augsburg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119916105","host_organization_name":"Augsburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10055-022-00644-4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-022-00644-4","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10055-022-00644-4.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495878607","display_name":"Virtual Reality","issn_l":"1359-4338","issn":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2612525633","display_name":"EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Intelligent Games &amp; Game Intelligence (IGGI)","funder_award_id":"EP/L015846/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5440012358","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TS/S02221X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335087","funder_display_name":"Innovate UK"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335087","display_name":"Innovate UK","ror":"https://ror.org/05ar5fy68"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226366251.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226366251.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1694976486","https://openalex.org/W1930061150","https://openalex.org/W1970533333","https://openalex.org/W1973672195","https://openalex.org/W2011794997","https://openalex.org/W2017310186","https://openalex.org/W2024536104","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2071764088","https://openalex.org/W2096578021","https://openalex.org/W2105410877","https://openalex.org/W2126913566","https://openalex.org/W2136091964","https://openalex.org/W2145839404","https://openalex.org/W2155524176","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2164777766","https://openalex.org/W2171230847","https://openalex.org/W2172071592","https://openalex.org/W2187036766","https://openalex.org/W2210514851","https://openalex.org/W2403278932","https://openalex.org/W2490014606","https://openalex.org/W2560862806","https://openalex.org/W2747610795","https://openalex.org/W2772447065","https://openalex.org/W2786963446","https://openalex.org/W2794136334","https://openalex.org/W2808673129","https://openalex.org/W2898095185","https://openalex.org/W2901285216","https://openalex.org/W2903411152","https://openalex.org/W2965465515","https://openalex.org/W2966251175","https://openalex.org/W2980326236","https://openalex.org/W2980399003","https://openalex.org/W2981133004","https://openalex.org/W4253385028"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2886802431","https://openalex.org/W4388216822","https://openalex.org/W1761762290","https://openalex.org/W4391191813","https://openalex.org/W4387575966","https://openalex.org/W2384262901","https://openalex.org/W2975214487","https://openalex.org/W651304006","https://openalex.org/W2345720417","https://openalex.org/W2385564112"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"People":[1],"can":[2,9],"understand":[3],"how":[4,205],"human":[5],"interaction":[6,91],"unfolds":[7],"and":[8,40,109,118,149,163,170,203,210],"pinpoint":[10],"social":[11,18,54,84,201,226,235],"attitudes":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14,34,124],"showing":[15],"interest":[16],"or":[17],"engagement":[19,202,227],"with":[20,27,70,139],"a":[21,28,106,125,134,164],"conversational":[22],"partner.":[23],"However,":[24],"summarising":[25],"this":[26,192],"set":[29],"of":[30,128],"rules":[31],"is":[32,37,44,58,105,111],"difficult,":[33],"our":[35],"judgement":[36],"sometimes":[38],"subtle":[39],"subconscious.":[41],"Hence,":[42],"it":[43,110,231],"challenging":[45],"to":[46,51,74,113,212,216],"program":[47],"Non-Player":[48],"Characters":[49],"(NPCs)":[50],"react":[52],"towards":[53],"signals":[55],"appropriately,":[56],"which":[57,94],"important":[59],"for":[60,82,199,225,232],"immersive":[61,77,101,196],"narrative":[62],"games":[63],"in":[64,92,98],"Virtual":[65],"Reality":[66],"(VR).":[67],"We":[68,86,120,132],"collaborated":[69],"two":[71],"game":[72],"studios":[73],"develop":[75],"an":[76,195],"machine":[78],"learning":[79,136,141],"(ML)":[80],"pipeline":[81,198],"detecting":[83,200,233],"engagement.":[85],"collected":[87],"data":[88,145,153,175,187],"from":[89],"participants-NPC":[90],"VR,":[93],"was":[95],"then":[96],"annotated":[97],"the":[99,129,177,222],"same":[100],"environment.":[102],"Game":[103],"design":[104,217],"creative":[107,116,130],"process":[108],"vital":[112],"respect":[114],"designer\u2019s":[115],"vision":[117],"judgement.":[119],"therefore":[121],"view":[122],"annotation":[123],"key":[126],"part":[127],"process.":[131],"trained":[133],"reinforcement":[135],"algorithm":[137],"(PPO)":[138],"imitation":[140],"rewards":[142],"using":[143,173,185],"raw":[144,186],"(e.g.":[146,154],"head":[147],"position)":[148],"socially":[150],"meaningful":[151],"derived":[152,174],"proxemics);":[155],"we":[156,229],"compared":[157],"different":[158],"ML":[159,197,209],"configurations":[160],"including":[161],"pre-training":[162,169],"temporal":[165],"memory":[166],"(LSTM).":[167],"The":[168,183],"LSTM":[171],"configuration":[172],"performed":[176],"best":[178],"(84%":[179],"F1-score,":[180],"83%":[181],"accuracy).":[182],"models":[184],"did":[188],"not":[189],"generalise.":[190],"Overall,":[191],"work":[193],"introduces":[194],"demonstrates":[204],"creatives":[206],"could":[207],"use":[208],"VR":[211],"expand":[213],"their":[214],"ability":[215],"more":[218],"engaging":[219],"experiences.":[220],"Given":[221],"pipeline\u2019s":[223],"results":[224],"detection,":[228],"generalise":[230],"human-defined":[234],"attitudes.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
