{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2892096542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-018-0365-0","title":"Virtual reality crowd simulation: effects of agent density on user experience and behaviour","display_name":"Virtual reality crowd simulation: effects of agent density on user experience and behaviour","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-09-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2892096542","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-018-0365-0","mag":"2892096542"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10055-018-0365-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-018-0365-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10055-018-0365-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495878607","display_name":"Virtual Reality","issn_l":"1359-4338","issn":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10055-018-0365-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053402000","display_name":"Patrick Dickinson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3830-8249"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Patrick Dickinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3830-8249","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066273713","display_name":"Kathrin Gerling","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8449-6124"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kathrin Gerling","raw_affiliation_strings":["e-Media Research Lab, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8449-6124","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"e-Media Research Lab, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062650159","display_name":"Kieran Hicks","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6046-5454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kieran Hicks","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016500874","display_name":"John Murray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2579-6802"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I191240316","display_name":"University of Hull","ror":"https://ror.org/04nkhwh30","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Murray","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I191240316"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108478600","display_name":"John Shearer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Shearer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048918568","display_name":"Jacob Greenwood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1089-7854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","display_name":"University of Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/03yeq9x20","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jacob Greenwood","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053402000"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":7.7459,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":74,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97859299,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"1","first_page":"19","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proxemics","display_name":"Proxemics","score":0.9184311628341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowd-simulation","display_name":"Crowd simulation","score":0.8416131138801575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.776401162147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.7516893148422241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6650917530059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersion","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","score":0.6088336706161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.5315019488334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-world","display_name":"Virtual world","score":0.45814913511276245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.44267886877059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/haptic-technology","display_name":"Haptic technology","score":0.43644893169403076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowd-psychology","display_name":"Crowd psychology","score":0.42777276039123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.38076120615005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowds","display_name":"Crowds","score":0.3533192276954651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.26316532492637634}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170334801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171755","display_name":"Proxemics","level":2,"score":0.9184311628341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45617602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q465266","display_name":"Crowd simulation","level":3,"score":0.8416131138801575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.776401162147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.7516893148422241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6650917530059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199068039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574523","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6088336706161499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.5315019488334656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019565508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q444835","display_name":"Virtual world","level":2,"score":0.45814913511276245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.44267886877059937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152086174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3030571","display_name":"Haptic technology","level":2,"score":0.43644893169403076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44042526","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1355183","display_name":"Crowd psychology","level":2,"score":0.42777276039123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.38076120615005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777852691","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13430821","display_name":"Crowds","level":2,"score":0.3533192276954651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26316532492637634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10055-018-0365-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-018-0365-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10055-018-0365-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495878607","display_name":"Virtual Reality","issn_l":"1359-4338","issn":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.lincoln.ac.uk:33301","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/id/eprint/33301/1/s10055-018-0365-0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196275","display_name":"Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I51532219","host_organization_name":"University of Lincoln","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51532219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/648803","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/648803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Reality, vol. 23 (1), (19-32)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24373027","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Virtual_reality_crowd_simulation_effects_of_agent_density_on_user_experience_and_behaviour/24373027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10055-018-0365-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-018-0365-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10055-018-0365-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495878607","display_name":"Virtual Reality","issn_l":"1359-4338","issn":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2892096542.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2892096542.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W127470283","https://openalex.org/W130259578","https://openalex.org/W1486903288","https://openalex.org/W1528096490","https://openalex.org/W1553778528","https://openalex.org/W1589434415","https://openalex.org/W1594278800","https://openalex.org/W1616121475","https://openalex.org/W1869163116","https://openalex.org/W1973787747","https://openalex.org/W1979654389","https://openalex.org/W1988134233","https://openalex.org/W1994259711","https://openalex.org/W1999238735","https://openalex.org/W1999723252","https://openalex.org/W2000365432","https://openalex.org/W2031123007","https://openalex.org/W2048132727","https://openalex.org/W2064171501","https://openalex.org/W2081509522","https://openalex.org/W2090635363","https://openalex.org/W2105162527","https://openalex.org/W2127561630","https://openalex.org/W2136757566","https://openalex.org/W2141829608","https://openalex.org/W2148905283","https://openalex.org/W2156823485","https://openalex.org/W2163004454","https://openalex.org/W2167052694","https://openalex.org/W2185589914","https://openalex.org/W2218711042","https://openalex.org/W2247611027","https://openalex.org/W2293081071","https://openalex.org/W2303958130","https://openalex.org/W2460306798","https://openalex.org/W2480903126","https://openalex.org/W2507472018","https://openalex.org/W2511396563","https://openalex.org/W2520549675","https://openalex.org/W2531681363","https://openalex.org/W2538595430","https://openalex.org/W2548968337","https://openalex.org/W2555464552","https://openalex.org/W2561675875","https://openalex.org/W2572202106","https://openalex.org/W2575400625","https://openalex.org/W2620801922","https://openalex.org/W2788535313","https://openalex.org/W3105125843","https://openalex.org/W4233733072","https://openalex.org/W4292994367"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2189920449","https://openalex.org/W3096912411","https://openalex.org/W3043995842","https://openalex.org/W2077952221","https://openalex.org/W2991333088","https://openalex.org/W2552689626","https://openalex.org/W2218711042","https://openalex.org/W2036586770","https://openalex.org/W2314427365","https://openalex.org/W373768493"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Agent-based":[0],"crowd":[1,35,81,123],"simulations":[2,36],"are":[3],"used":[4],"for":[5,34,171],"modelling":[6],"building":[7],"and":[8,75,86,98,118,129,161],"space":[9],"usage,":[10],"allowing":[11],"designers":[12],"to":[13,56,167],"explore":[14],"hypothetical":[15],"real-world":[16],"scenarios,":[17],"including":[18],"extraordinary":[19],"events":[20],"such":[21,53],"as":[22,31,54],"evacuations.":[23],"Existing":[24],"work":[25],"which":[26,94],"engages":[27],"virtual":[28],"reality":[29],"(VR)":[30],"a":[32,58,91,100,110,134,144],"platform":[33],"has":[37],"been":[38],"primarily":[39],"focussed":[40],"on":[41,83,125],"the":[42,49,77,120],"validation":[43],"of":[44,51,60,64,73,79,122,155],"simulation":[45,92,114,169],"models":[46],"through":[47],"observation;":[48],"use":[50],"interactions":[52],"gaze":[55],"enhance":[57],"sense":[59],"immersion;":[61],"or":[62],"studies":[63,72],"proxemics.":[65],"In":[66],"this":[67],"work,":[68],"we":[69],"extend":[70],"previous":[71],"proxemics":[74],"examine":[76,117],"effects":[78,121],"varying":[80],"density":[82,124],"user":[84,156],"experience":[85],"behaviour.":[87,130],"We":[88,116,147],"have":[89],"created":[90],"in":[93,137,152],"participants":[95],"walk":[96],"freely":[97],"perform":[99],"routine":[101],"manual":[102],"task,":[103],"whilst":[104],"interacting":[105],"with":[106,140],"agents":[107],"controlled":[108],"by":[109],"typical":[111],"social":[112],"force":[113],"model.":[115],"report":[119],"both":[126],"affective":[127],"state":[128],"Our":[131],"results":[132,165],"show":[133,149],"significant":[135,150],"increase":[136],"negative":[138],"affect":[139],"density,":[141],"measured":[142],"using":[143,158],"self-report":[145],"scale.":[146],"further":[148],"differences":[151],"some":[153],"aspects":[154],"behaviours,":[157],"video":[159],"analysis,":[160],"discuss":[162],"how":[163],"our":[164],"relate":[166],"VR":[168],"design":[170],"mixed":[172],"human\u2013agent":[173],"scenarios.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}