{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1988680425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-015-0260-x","title":"Posttraumatic stress disorder: possibilities for olfaction and virtual reality exposure therapy","display_name":"Posttraumatic stress disorder: possibilities for olfaction and virtual reality exposure therapy","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1988680425","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-015-0260-x","mag":"1988680425"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10055-015-0260-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-015-0260-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10055-015-0260-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495878607","display_name":"Virtual Reality","issn_l":"1359-4338","issn":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10055-015-0260-x.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062268406","display_name":"Mary Aiken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9800-3952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1284133589","display_name":"European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation","ror":"https://ror.org/05sj3q575","country_code":"NL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1284133589"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142762351","display_name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/01hxy9878","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60488453","display_name":"Middlesex University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rv4p989","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60488453"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68554272","display_name":"Pacific Biosciences (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00fcszb13","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68554272"]}],"countries":["GB","IE","NL","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mary P. Aiken","raw_affiliation_strings":["CyberPsychology Research Centre, Institute of Leadership at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin 18, Ireland","Dr. Steve Chan Center for Sensemaking, Asia-Pacific Institute for Resilience and Sustainability (AIRS), Hawaii Pacific University, Honolulu, USA","European Cyber Crime Centre (EC3), Europol, The Hague, The Netherlands","Middlesex University School of Law, London, UK","Swansea University, Swansea, UK","CyberPsychology Research Centre, Institute of Leadership at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Reservoir House, Ballymoss Road, Sandyford, Dublin 18, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CyberPsychology Research Centre, Institute of Leadership at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin 18, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dr. Steve Chan Center for Sensemaking, Asia-Pacific Institute for Resilience and Sustainability (AIRS), Hawaii Pacific University, Honolulu, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68554272"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"European Cyber Crime Centre (EC3), Europol, The Hague, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284133589"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Middlesex University School of Law, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60488453"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swansea University, Swansea, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CyberPsychology Research Centre, Institute of Leadership at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Reservoir House, Ballymoss Road, Sandyford, Dublin 18, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103980058","display_name":"Mike Berry","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142762351","display_name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/01hxy9878","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mike J. Berry","raw_affiliation_strings":["CyberPsychology Research Centre, Institute of Leadership at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin 18, Ireland","CyberPsychology Research Centre, Institute of Leadership at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Reservoir House, Ballymoss Road, Sandyford, Dublin 18, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CyberPsychology Research Centre, Institute of Leadership at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Dublin 18, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CyberPsychology Research Centre, Institute of Leadership at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Reservoir House, Ballymoss Road, Sandyford, Dublin 18, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142762351"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062268406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1284133589","https://openalex.org/I142762351","https://openalex.org/I39586589","https://openalex.org/I60488453","https://openalex.org/I68554272"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":1.8915,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82835302,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"2","first_page":"95","last_page":"109"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10971","display_name":"Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2809","display_name":"Sensory Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10971","display_name":"Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2809","display_name":"Sensory Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exposure-therapy","display_name":"Exposure therapy","score":0.7033369541168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/olfaction","display_name":"Olfaction","score":0.660952627658844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6511408686637878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6039186120033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality-exposure-therapy","display_name":"Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy","score":0.4580993950366974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensory-system","display_name":"Sensory system","score":0.4512256681919098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4163106083869934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.38656896352767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anxiety","display_name":"Anxiety","score":0.3350318670272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.3211137652397156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.2715792953968048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychiatry","display_name":"Psychiatry","score":0.09722185134887695}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778251122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446198","display_name":"Exposure therapy","level":3,"score":0.7033369541168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163214680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1541064","display_name":"Olfaction","level":2,"score":0.660952627658844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6511408686637878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6039186120033264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910959060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3527308","display_name":"Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy","level":3,"score":0.4580993950366974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94487597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11101","display_name":"Sensory system","level":2,"score":0.4512256681919098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4163106083869934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.38656896352767944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C558461103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154430","display_name":"Anxiety","level":2,"score":0.3350318670272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.3211137652397156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.2715792953968048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.09722185134887695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10055-015-0260-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-015-0260-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10055-015-0260-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495878607","display_name":"Virtual Reality","issn_l":"1359-4338","issn":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.rcsi.ie:ilhmart-1025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://epubs.rcsi.ie/ilhmart/19","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Institute of Leadership Articles","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/10780925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder_possibilities_for_olfaction_and_virtual_reality_exposure_therapy/10780925","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10055-015-0260-x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-015-0260-x","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10055-015-0260-x.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2495878607","display_name":"Virtual Reality","issn_l":"1359-4338","issn":["1359-4338","1434-9957"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Virtual Reality","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1988680425.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1988680425.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W60153673","https://openalex.org/W101520166","https://openalex.org/W567789207","https://openalex.org/W838636514","https://openalex.org/W1495150842","https://openalex.org/W1565389026","https://openalex.org/W1600584016","https://openalex.org/W1800219759","https://openalex.org/W1818523973","https://openalex.org/W1965733974","https://openalex.org/W1969133910","https://openalex.org/W1970881825","https://openalex.org/W1970920707","https://openalex.org/W1971375634","https://openalex.org/W1974083370","https://openalex.org/W1974132921","https://openalex.org/W1980176620","https://openalex.org/W1986280184","https://openalex.org/W1987523869","https://openalex.org/W1992137320","https://openalex.org/W1995474267","https://openalex.org/W1997934278","https://openalex.org/W1998284588","https://openalex.org/W2001533827","https://openalex.org/W2008084801","https://openalex.org/W2012051709","https://openalex.org/W2016408188","https://openalex.org/W2030177409","https://openalex.org/W2037213230","https://openalex.org/W2037858428","https://openalex.org/W2040240858","https://openalex.org/W2043677394","https://openalex.org/W2045372408","https://openalex.org/W2046653695","https://openalex.org/W2058300759","https://openalex.org/W2069558734","https://openalex.org/W2076726575","https://openalex.org/W2076891970","https://openalex.org/W2077321126","https://openalex.org/W2078051508","https://openalex.org/W2083356067","https://openalex.org/W2086771214","https://openalex.org/W2090335173","https://openalex.org/W2092217133","https://openalex.org/W2100755688","https://openalex.org/W2102038883","https://openalex.org/W2106704548","https://openalex.org/W2107216361","https://openalex.org/W2110503531","https://openalex.org/W2111937537","https://openalex.org/W2113939000","https://openalex.org/W2117071555","https://openalex.org/W2121798028","https://openalex.org/W2124699909","https://openalex.org/W2125908808","https://openalex.org/W2131834812","https://openalex.org/W2135675289","https://openalex.org/W2138604253","https://openalex.org/W2140665136","https://openalex.org/W2148251564","https://openalex.org/W2151566064","https://openalex.org/W2156282177","https://openalex.org/W2158212550","https://openalex.org/W2159011576","https://openalex.org/W2159059745","https://openalex.org/W2163004454","https://openalex.org/W2163203445","https://openalex.org/W2163544283","https://openalex.org/W2170603283","https://openalex.org/W2329937427","https://openalex.org/W2409784739","https://openalex.org/W2511456764","https://openalex.org/W2532485175","https://openalex.org/W2536032366","https://openalex.org/W2970074289","https://openalex.org/W3080257744","https://openalex.org/W3148499377","https://openalex.org/W4237142465","https://openalex.org/W4245765347","https://openalex.org/W4247665917","https://openalex.org/W4252164456","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2889093829","https://openalex.org/W2982018629","https://openalex.org/W2155246322","https://openalex.org/W2024151148","https://openalex.org/W1988274709","https://openalex.org/W3036093243","https://openalex.org/W2182786486","https://openalex.org/W1590447050","https://openalex.org/W4313886495","https://openalex.org/W1999966513"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visual":[0],"and":[1,55,75,126,152,171,220,243,271],"auditory":[2],"information":[3],"has":[4,21,57,199],"dominated":[5],"the":[6,14,46,71,81,100,134,139,148,162,177,193,260],"field":[7],"of":[8,13,16,35,73,80,89,102,141,154,161,164,173,179,182,185,205,247,259,262,279],"virtual":[9,47,52,90],"reality":[10],"(VR).":[11],"Evaluation":[12],"role":[15,140,163],"sensory":[17,67],"stimulation":[18,24],"in":[19,45,51,99,147,166,176,245,291,304],"VR":[20,180,223,236,248,294],"highlighted":[22],"olfactory":[23,186,196,218],"as":[25,41,86,128,130,202,288],"a":[26,62,87,96,107,113,203,289,292],"potentially":[27],"powerful":[28],"yet":[29],"underutilized":[30],"therapeutic":[31,224,296],"tool.":[32],"Early":[33],"studies":[34],"immersive":[36],"environments,":[37],"which":[38],"were":[39],"run":[40],"experiments,":[42],"incorporated":[43],"smell":[44],"experience;":[48],"however,":[49,189],"olfaction":[50,85,142,165,287],"environment":[53,91],"design":[54],"development":[56],"arguably":[58],"failed":[59],"to":[60,137,230],"maintain":[61],"position":[63],"commensurate":[64],"with":[65,157],"its":[66],"capacity,":[68],"exemplified":[69],"by":[70,112,192],"paucity":[72],"research":[74,144,283],"possible":[76],"application.":[77],"A":[78,256,277],"review":[79,278],"literature":[82],"suggests":[83,281],"that":[84,195,215,226,264,282],"component":[88,204],"exposure":[92,295],"therapy":[93,187],"may":[94,122,216,239,274,298],"be":[95,190,228],"useful":[97],"addition":[98],"treatment":[101,181,249,302],"posttraumatic":[103],"stress":[104],"disorder":[105],"(PTSD)":[106],"mental":[108],"health":[109],"condition":[110],"triggered":[111],"terrifying":[114],"event,":[115],"either":[116],"experiencing":[117],"or":[118,212],"witnessing":[119],"it.":[120],"Symptoms":[121],"include":[123],"flashbacks,":[124],"nightmares":[125],"anxiety,":[127],"well":[129],"uncontrollable":[131],"thoughts":[132],"about":[133],"event.":[135],"However,":[136],"investigate":[138],"further":[143],"is":[145,208],"required":[146,209],"formulation,":[149],"display,":[150],"staging":[151],"customization":[153],"scent,":[155],"coupled":[156],"an":[158,266],"in-depth":[159],"analysis":[160],"cognitive":[167],"function,":[168],"memory,":[169],"emotion":[170],"creation":[172],"presence,":[174],"particularly":[175,251],"context":[178],"PTSD.":[183,206],"Benefits":[184],"may,":[188],"compromised":[191],"fact":[194],"identification":[197],"deficit":[198],"been":[200],"noted":[201],"Investigation":[207],"into":[210,221],"causative":[211],"reactive":[213],"mechanisms":[214],"underlie":[217],"deficits":[219],"suitable":[222],"protocols":[225,284],"could":[227],"designed":[229],"address":[231],"these":[232],"deficits.":[233],"Additionally,":[234],"ongoing":[235],"technological":[237],"developments":[238],"deliver":[240],"increasing":[241],"affordability":[242],"portability":[244],"terms":[246],"options,":[250],"regarding":[252],"head-mounted":[253],"display":[254],"units.":[255],"cyberpsychological":[257],"consideration":[258],"problem":[261],"PTSD,":[263],"is,":[265],"inter-disciplinary":[267],"approach":[268],"combining":[269],"technology":[270],"psychology":[272],"learning\u2019s":[273],"merit":[275],"consideration.":[276],"findings":[280],"focused":[285],"on":[286,301],"variable":[290],"multi-sensory":[293],"program":[297],"positively":[299],"impact":[300],"outcomes":[303],"PTSD":[305],"population.":[306]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-16T07:32:37.131356","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}