{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065915151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s100440050031","title":"Rejection Criteria and Pairwise Discrimination of Handwritten Numerals Based on Structural Features","display_name":"Rejection Criteria and Pairwise Discrimination of Handwritten Numerals Based on Structural Features","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065915151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s100440050031","mag":"2065915151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s100440050031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s100440050031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45497385","display_name":"Pattern Analysis and Applications","issn_l":"1433-7541","issn":["1433-7541","1433-755X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Analysis & Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082944404","display_name":"Zheng Lou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5744-3759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Z. Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, , , , , , CN","Department of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, CN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, , , , , , CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111971823","display_name":"Kangdao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7703-9903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, , , , , , CA","Centre for Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, , , , , , CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063288559","display_name":"Jingyu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7521-7920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Y. Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, , , , , , CN","Department of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, CN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, , , , , , CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, CN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109555570","display_name":"Ching Y. Suen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1334-9271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60158472","display_name":"Concordia University","ror":"https://ror.org/0420zvk78","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Y. Suen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, , , , , , CA","Centre for Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, CA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, , , , , , CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60158472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4005,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65820629,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"228","last_page":"238"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12549","display_name":"Image and Object Detection Techniques","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/numeral-system","display_name":"Numeral system","score":0.879244327545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.8323415517807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6989203691482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6432920694351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.575023889541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.5608735680580139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5476306080818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.5085405111312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.49510136246681213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3982757329940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3438246250152588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.17769169807434082}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204160518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122653","display_name":"Numeral system","level":2,"score":0.879244327545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8323415517807007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6989203691482544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6432920694351196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.575023889541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5608735680580139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5476306080818176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.5085405111312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.49510136246681213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3982757329940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3438246250152588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.17769169807434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s100440050031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s100440050031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45497385","display_name":"Pattern Analysis and Applications","issn_l":"1433-7541","issn":["1433-7541","1433-755X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Analysis & Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5099999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334621","display_name":"Networks of Centres of Excellence of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/02edexj13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W561535998","https://openalex.org/W1909959271","https://openalex.org/W1972389769","https://openalex.org/W1979819178","https://openalex.org/W1986399113","https://openalex.org/W2000821228","https://openalex.org/W2020096152","https://openalex.org/W2046485094","https://openalex.org/W2062361515","https://openalex.org/W2091093761","https://openalex.org/W2110438019","https://openalex.org/W2121758955","https://openalex.org/W2126196216","https://openalex.org/W2128446254","https://openalex.org/W2153792307","https://openalex.org/W2227933188","https://openalex.org/W2408691484","https://openalex.org/W2791805171"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2539042112","https://openalex.org/W587872652","https://openalex.org/W4234680390","https://openalex.org/W2378136823","https://openalex.org/W2376285871","https://openalex.org/W3202497208","https://openalex.org/W4301603763","https://openalex.org/W3148193224","https://openalex.org/W2238382207","https://openalex.org/W2165592082"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}