{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4366278958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-023-01158-8","title":"Discriminative estimation of probabilistic context-free grammars for mathematical expression recognition and retrieval","display_name":"Discriminative estimation of probabilistic context-free grammars for mathematical expression recognition and retrieval","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4366278958","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-023-01158-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10044-023-01158-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-023-01158-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10044-023-01158-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45497385","display_name":"Pattern Analysis and Applications","issn_l":"1433-7541","issn":["1433-7541","1433-755X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Analysis and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10044-023-01158-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013105164","display_name":"Ernesto Noya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5727-9730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ernesto Noya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089241415","display_name":"Jos\u00e9-Miguel Bened\u00ed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6516-2746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131846","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03c0ach84","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210131846"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jos\u00e9 Miguel Bened\u00ed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain","valgrAI: Valencian Graduate School and Research Network of Artificial Intelligence, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"valgrAI: Valencian Graduate School and Research Network of Artificial Intelligence, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061837815","display_name":"Joan Andreu S\u00e1nchez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0423-2020"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joan Andreu S\u00e1nchez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047018980","display_name":"Dan Anitei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8288-6009"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Anitei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Valencia, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013105164"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.3457,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63516618,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"4","first_page":"1571","last_page":"1584"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11269","display_name":"Algorithms and Data Compression","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.8626449108123779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6648501753807068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6634343266487122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6541699171066284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6397028565406799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.6268253326416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.6220064759254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5456817746162415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viterbi-algorithm","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","score":0.5455588102340698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context-free-grammar","display_name":"Context-free grammar","score":0.46285760402679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.39435720443725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37969663739204407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36233416199684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.1046307384967804}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.8626449108123779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6648501753807068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6634343266487122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6541699171066284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6397028565406799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.6268253326416016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.6220064759254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5456817746162415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60582962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83886","display_name":"Viterbi algorithm","level":3,"score":0.5455588102340698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97212296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338047","display_name":"Context-free grammar","level":3,"score":0.46285760402679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.39435720443725586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37969663739204407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36233416199684143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.1046307384967804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10044-023-01158-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-023-01158-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10044-023-01158-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45497385","display_name":"Pattern Analysis and Applications","issn_l":"1433-7541","issn":["1433-7541","1433-755X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Analysis and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:riunet.upv.es:10251/200855","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10251/200855","pdf_url":"https://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/10251/200855/1/NoyaBenediSanchez%20-%20Discriminative%20estimation%20of%20probabilistic%20context-free%20grammars%20for%20mathemat....pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401500","display_name":"RiuNet (Politechnical University of Valencia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I60053951","host_organization_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60053951"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10044-023-01158-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10044-023-01158-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10044-023-01158-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S45497385","display_name":"Pattern Analysis and Applications","issn_l":"1433-7541","issn":["1433-7541","1433-755X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Pattern Analysis and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1422035950","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321864","funder_display_name":"Generalitat Valenciana"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1526260372","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FPI grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2262748287","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2720801270","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321864","funder_display_name":"Generalitat Valenciana"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G276391773","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ACIF/2021","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321864","funder_display_name":"Generalitat Valenciana"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2827925112","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ACIF/","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321864","funder_display_name":"Generalitat Valenciana"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2867640486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334905","funder_display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G300979063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3412273058","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3429648993","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PID202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3480869486","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4058629853","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SP20210263","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334905","funder_display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4126322094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"01100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5080475149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G661330594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"00110","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6685425346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"0011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7266728691","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8260616629","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8638682022","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"10.13039/50110001103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8909017353","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","funder_display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321864","display_name":"Generalitat Valenciana","ror":"https://ror.org/0097mvx21"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334905","display_name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","ror":"https://ror.org/01460j859"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335598","display_name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4366278958.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517284397","https://openalex.org/W1547416962","https://openalex.org/W1810641085","https://openalex.org/W1966812932","https://openalex.org/W1978470410","https://openalex.org/W1978806189","https://openalex.org/W1998726122","https://openalex.org/W2003123121","https://openalex.org/W2011296149","https://openalex.org/W2018482254","https://openalex.org/W2027122460","https://openalex.org/W2031071334","https://openalex.org/W2032005922","https://openalex.org/W2071291967","https://openalex.org/W2080193993","https://openalex.org/W2097635532","https://openalex.org/W2098601596","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2164579587","https://openalex.org/W2194187530","https://openalex.org/W2885201322","https://openalex.org/W2934302443","https://openalex.org/W2935550293","https://openalex.org/W2967933697","https://openalex.org/W2972803636","https://openalex.org/W3002575754","https://openalex.org/W3004196288","https://openalex.org/W3092116803","https://openalex.org/W3109323254","https://openalex.org/W3158751621","https://openalex.org/W3197055326","https://openalex.org/W3197140864","https://openalex.org/W3201757274","https://openalex.org/W3211848854","https://openalex.org/W4226364671"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1557335907","https://openalex.org/W4286266684","https://openalex.org/W1586408085","https://openalex.org/W1538450113","https://openalex.org/W1656514314","https://openalex.org/W59084530","https://openalex.org/W4245826738","https://openalex.org/W3013382169","https://openalex.org/W2389079996","https://openalex.org/W4288024180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1],"present":[2],"a":[3,28],"discriminative":[4,50,82],"learning":[5],"algorithm":[6,24],"for":[7,17],"the":[8,31,34,38,42,46,49,53,59,80,86,95,98,103,106,110,116],"probabilistic":[9,13],"estimation":[10,51,83,89],"of":[11,30,48,97,105,112],"two-dimensional":[12],"context-free":[14],"grammars":[15],"(2D-PCFG)":[16],"mathematical":[18,107],"expressions":[19,108],"recognition":[20],"and":[21,37,73,109],"retrieval.":[22],"This":[23],"is":[25],"based":[26],"on":[27,68,102],"generalization":[29],"H-criterion":[32],"as":[33,41],"objective":[35],"function":[36],"growth":[39],"transformations":[40],"optimization":[43],"method.":[44,90],"For":[45],"development":[47],"algorithm,":[52],"N":[54],"-best":[55],"interpretations":[56],"provided":[57],"by":[58],"2D-PCFG":[60],"have":[61],"been":[62],"considered.":[63],"Experimental":[64],"results":[65],"are":[66],"reported":[67],"two":[69],"available":[70],"datasets:":[71],"Im2Latex":[72],"IBEM":[74],".":[75],"The":[76,91],"first":[77],"experiment":[78],"compares":[79],"proposed":[81],"method":[84],"with":[85],"classic":[87],"Viterbi-based":[88],"second":[92],"one":[93],"studies":[94],"performance":[96],"estimated":[99],"models":[100],"depending":[101],"length":[104],"number":[111],"admissible":[113],"errors":[114],"in":[115],"metric":[117],"used.":[118]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
