{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2029355325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s100320050017","title":"Shape-based word recognition","display_name":"Shape-based word recognition","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2029355325","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s100320050017","mag":"2029355325"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s100320050017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s100320050017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90108747","display_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)","issn_l":"1433-2825","issn":["1433-2825","1433-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018128415","display_name":"Andreas Spitz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5282-6133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210092089","display_name":"Vehicle Technologies Office","ror":"https://ror.org/00f93gc02","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121","https://openalex.org/I4210092089"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A. Lawrence Spitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Document Recognition Technologies, Inc., 459 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 204, Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA; e-mail: spitz@docrec.com\n, , , , , , US","Document Recognition Technologies, Inc., 459 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 204, Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Document Recognition Technologies, Inc., 459 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 204, Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA; e-mail: spitz@docrec.com\n, , , , , , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Document Recognition Technologies, Inc., 459 Hamilton Avenue, Suite 204, Palo Alto, CA 94301 USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018128415"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210092089"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7906,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75045106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"4","first_page":"178","last_page":"190"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9742000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9742000102996826,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.97079998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.947700023651123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8592002391815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.680586576461792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexicon","display_name":"Lexicon","score":0.6800439953804016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6584200859069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6293495893478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"Word recognition","score":0.557068407535553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intersection","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","score":0.4836629331111908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.46661797165870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformation","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","score":0.4557173252105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.4547313153743744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ambiguity","display_name":"Ambiguity","score":0.4542028605937958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/font","display_name":"Font","score":0.4400673806667328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4367119073867798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.42472606897354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4152355194091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.41339319944381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.26793742179870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.16361215710639954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.11981233954429626}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8592002391815186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.680586576461792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778121359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8096","display_name":"Lexicon","level":2,"score":0.6800439953804016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6584200859069824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6293495893478394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.557068407535553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64543145","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162942","display_name":"Intersection (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4836629331111908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.46661797165870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4557173252105713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.4547313153743744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780522230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140419","display_name":"Ambiguity","level":2,"score":0.4542028605937958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777737414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4868296","display_name":"Font","level":2,"score":0.4400673806667328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4367119073867798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.42472606897354126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4152355194091797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.41339319944381714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26793742179870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.16361215710639954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.11981233954429626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s100320050017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s100320050017","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90108747","display_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)","issn_l":"1433-2825","issn":["1433-2825","1433-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W47279479","https://openalex.org/W1974451129","https://openalex.org/W2033814354","https://openalex.org/W2041486018","https://openalex.org/W2060222086","https://openalex.org/W2095747918","https://openalex.org/W2095926335","https://openalex.org/W2121979056","https://openalex.org/W2140350705","https://openalex.org/W2142291805","https://openalex.org/W2154588022","https://openalex.org/W2164818082","https://openalex.org/W2168992100","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4294026524","https://openalex.org/W1880966842","https://openalex.org/W1529136209","https://openalex.org/W2374130674","https://openalex.org/W1987157392","https://openalex.org/W2140350705","https://openalex.org/W2137084580","https://openalex.org/W2062636460","https://openalex.org/W2124261332","https://openalex.org/W2600219120"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
