{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4296902001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-022-00415-6","title":"Benchmarking online sequence-to-sequence and character-based handwriting recognition from IMU-enhanced pens","display_name":"Benchmarking online sequence-to-sequence and character-based handwriting recognition from IMU-enhanced pens","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4296902001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-022-00415-6"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10032-022-00415-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-022-00415-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90108747","display_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)","issn_l":"1433-2825","issn":["1433-2825","1433-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-022-00415-6","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049110928","display_name":"Felix Ott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4392-0830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Felix Ott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits, N\u00fcrnberg, Germany","LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits, N\u00fcrnberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067248213","display_name":"David R\u00fcgamer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8772-9202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David R\u00fcgamer","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073940195","display_name":"Lucas Heublein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6670-3698"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucas Heublein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits, N\u00fcrnberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits, N\u00fcrnberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035080679","display_name":"Tim Hamann","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120876","display_name":"Schwan-Stabilo (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/02qbgx346","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120876"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Hamann","raw_affiliation_strings":["STABILO International GmbH, Heroldsberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"STABILO International GmbH, Heroldsberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120876"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048067051","display_name":"Jens Barth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3967-9578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887968799","display_name":"RWTH Aachen University","ror":"https://ror.org/04xfq0f34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jens Barth","raw_affiliation_strings":["RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887968799"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069072700","display_name":"Bernd Bischl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6002-6980"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018771216","display_name":"LMU Klinikum","ror":"https://ror.org/02jet3w32","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bernd Bischl","raw_affiliation_strings":["LMU Munich, Munich, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LMU Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023277657","display_name":"Christopher Mutschler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8108-0230"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124274","display_name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits","ror":"https://ror.org/024ape423","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I4923324"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher Mutschler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits, N\u00fcrnberg, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fraunhofer IIS, Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits, N\u00fcrnberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124274"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049110928"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018771216","https://openalex.org/I4210124274","https://openalex.org/I8204097"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":2.1139,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88702734,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"4","first_page":"385","last_page":"414"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7701094150543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.6161670088768005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-summarization","display_name":"Automatic summarization","score":0.5193951725959778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5127964615821838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4843624532222748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4742499887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4575667679309845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.45675593614578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gyroscope","display_name":"Gyroscope","score":0.43040966987609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4210035800933838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.41555720567703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.4149166941642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.09738412499427795}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7701094150543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.6161670088768005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.5193951725959778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5127964615821838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4843624532222748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4742499887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4575667679309845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.45675593614578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158488048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483400","display_name":"Gyroscope","level":2,"score":0.43040966987609863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4210035800933838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.41555720567703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4149166941642761},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09738412499427795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10032-022-00415-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-022-00415-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90108747","display_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)","issn_l":"1433-2825","issn":["1433-2825","1433-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publica.fraunhofer.de:publica/442470","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publica.fraunhofer.de/handle/publica/442470","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400318","display_name":"Fraunhofer-Publica (Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4923324","host_organization_name":"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4923324"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10032-022-00415-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-022-00415-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90108747","display_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)","issn_l":"1433-2825","issn":["1433-2825","1433-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483628210","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1988305328","https://openalex.org/W1989411205","https://openalex.org/W1999019778","https://openalex.org/W2003190201","https://openalex.org/W2009781111","https://openalex.org/W2012616030","https://openalex.org/W2018970719","https://openalex.org/W2024925205","https://openalex.org/W2025563211","https://openalex.org/W2053317383","https://openalex.org/W2065546971","https://openalex.org/W2066792529","https://openalex.org/W2077863651","https://openalex.org/W2081018036","https://openalex.org/W2084547331","https://openalex.org/W2084859622","https://openalex.org/W2106132157","https://openalex.org/W2116881180","https://openalex.org/W2122585011","https://openalex.org/W2127141656","https://openalex.org/W2139975583","https://openalex.org/W2142069714","https://openalex.org/W2147393756","https://openalex.org/W2147510700","https://openalex.org/W2149872361","https://openalex.org/W2152550252","https://openalex.org/W2153873029","https://openalex.org/W2165391559","https://openalex.org/W2169848562","https://openalex.org/W2172090196","https://openalex.org/W2198918026","https://openalex.org/W2396666837","https://openalex.org/W2507888814","https://openalex.org/W2526425061","https://openalex.org/W2551393996","https://openalex.org/W2573601984","https://openalex.org/W2620664872","https://openalex.org/W2754051771","https://openalex.org/W2782808446","https://openalex.org/W2783323081","https://openalex.org/W2786974559","https://openalex.org/W2791089502","https://openalex.org/W2796208452","https://openalex.org/W2808955427","https://openalex.org/W2895359355","https://openalex.org/W2904388869","https://openalex.org/W2904714269","https://openalex.org/W2906383034","https://openalex.org/W2906436882","https://openalex.org/W2937423263","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963855133","https://openalex.org/W2963924711","https://openalex.org/W2964274690","https://openalex.org/W2964325005","https://openalex.org/W2965301120","https://openalex.org/W2967141048","https://openalex.org/W2981873476","https://openalex.org/W2993065570","https://openalex.org/W2998010409","https://openalex.org/W3003428515","https://openalex.org/W3004690717","https://openalex.org/W3009456793","https://openalex.org/W3013952048","https://openalex.org/W3025111165","https://openalex.org/W3034726763","https://openalex.org/W3034904792","https://openalex.org/W3084430883","https://openalex.org/W3086834600","https://openalex.org/W3087417110","https://openalex.org/W3089776735","https://openalex.org/W3101667008","https://openalex.org/W3105625590","https://openalex.org/W3106274667","https://openalex.org/W3176254532","https://openalex.org/W3188872815","https://openalex.org/W3198848843","https://openalex.org/W3201229310","https://openalex.org/W3202364339","https://openalex.org/W4200110030","https://openalex.org/W4213324236","https://openalex.org/W4220707558","https://openalex.org/W4304092624"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4238897586","https://openalex.org/W435179959","https://openalex.org/W2619091065","https://openalex.org/W2059640416","https://openalex.org/W1490753184","https://openalex.org/W2284465472","https://openalex.org/W2291782699","https://openalex.org/W1993948687","https://openalex.org/W4317547544","https://openalex.org/W4313395829"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Handwriting":[1],"is":[2,193],"one":[3],"of":[4,68,124,237,240,254],"the":[5,66,132,215,226,234,252],"most":[6],"frequently":[7],"occurring":[8],"patterns":[9],"in":[10,251],"everyday":[11],"life":[12],"and":[13,25,82,89,113,128,134,147,160,166,170,180,202,218],"with":[14,150,173,188,196,233],"it":[15,74],"comes":[16],"challenging":[17],"applications":[18],"such":[19],"as":[20,73,245],"handwriting":[21],"recognition,":[22],"writer":[23],"identification":[24],"signature":[26],"verification.":[27],"In":[28],"contrast":[29],"to":[30,207],"offline":[31,56],"HWR":[32,41,57,163],"that":[33,221],"only":[34,61],"uses":[35,42],"spatial":[36],"information":[37,45],"(i.e.,":[38,46],"images),":[39],"online":[40],"richer":[43],"spatio-temporal":[44],"trajectory":[47],"data":[48,63,81,94,104],"or":[49],"inertial":[50],"data).":[51],"While":[52],"there":[53,59],"exist":[54],"many":[55],"datasets,":[58],"are":[60,95],"little":[62],"available":[64],"for":[65,85,130,158,198,248],"development":[67],"OnHWR":[69,144,242,255],"methods":[70,213],"on":[71,145,148,194,256],"paper":[72,79,149],"requires":[75],"hardware-integrated":[76],"pens.":[77,152],"This":[78],"presents":[80],"benchmark":[83,157,236],"models":[84],"real-time":[86],"sequence-to-sequence":[87],"learning":[88],"single":[90,161,227],"character-based":[91,162],"recognition.":[92],"Our":[93,137,184,230],"recorded":[96],"by":[97],"a":[98,109,111,114,122,140,174,246],"sensor-enhanced":[99,151],"ballpoint":[100],"pen,":[101],"yielding":[102],"sensor":[103,116],"streams":[105],"from":[106],"triaxial":[107],"accelerometers,":[108],"gyroscope,":[110],"magnetometer":[112],"force":[115],"at":[117],"100":[118],"Hz.":[119],"We":[120,153],"propose":[121],"variety":[123],"datasets":[125,138,243],"including":[126],"equations":[127],"words":[129],"both":[131],"writer-dependent":[133],"writer-independent":[135],"tasks.":[136],"allow":[139],"comparison":[141],"between":[142],"classical":[143],"tablets":[146],"provide":[154],"an":[155],"evaluation":[156],"seq2seq":[159],"using":[164],"recurrent":[165],"temporal":[167,176],"convolutional":[168,185],"networks":[169],"transformers":[171],"combined":[172,187],"connectionist":[175],"classification":[177,200,228],"(CTC)":[178],"loss":[179],"cross-entropy":[181],"(CE)":[182],"losses.":[183],"network":[186],"BiLSTMs":[189],"outperforms":[190],"transformer-based":[191],"architectures,":[192],"par":[195],"InceptionTime":[197],"sequence-based":[199,216],"tasks":[201],"yields":[203],"better":[204],"results":[205],"compared":[206],"28":[208],"state-of-the-art":[209,238],"techniques.":[210],"Time-series":[211],"augmentation":[212],"improve":[214,225],"task,":[217],"we":[219],"show":[220],"CE":[222],"variants":[223],"can":[224],"task.":[229],"implementations":[231],"together":[232],"large":[235],"techniques":[239],"novel":[241],"serve":[244],"baseline":[247],"future":[249],"research":[250],"area":[253],"paper.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2022-09-24T00:00:00"}
