{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2127696366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-011-0164-6","title":"Learning on the fly: a font-free approach toward multilingual OCR","display_name":"Learning on the fly: a font-free approach toward multilingual OCR","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2127696366","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-011-0164-6","mag":"2127696366"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10032-011-0164-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-011-0164-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90108747","display_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)","issn_l":"1433-2825","issn":["1433-2825","1433-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012575423","display_name":"Andrew Kae","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrew Kae","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 140 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA","University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Computer Science, 140 Governors Drive, 01003-9264, Amherst, MA, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 140 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Computer Science, 140 Governors Drive, 01003-9264, Amherst, MA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101722493","display_name":"David A. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6636-6940"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David A. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 140 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA","University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Computer Science, 140 Governors Drive, 01003-9264, Amherst, MA, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 140 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Computer Science, 140 Governors Drive, 01003-9264, Amherst, MA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045674062","display_name":"Erik Learned-Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3778-9135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Learned-Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 140 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA","University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Computer Science, 140 Governors Drive, 01003-9264, Amherst, MA, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 140 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003-9264, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Computer Science, 140 Governors Drive, 01003-9264, Amherst, MA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012575423"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0468,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80931264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"289","last_page":"301"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14339","display_name":"Image Processing and 3D Reconstruction","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9896000027656555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/font","display_name":"Font","score":0.9395273923873901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-character-recognition","display_name":"Optical character recognition","score":0.8333706855773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8054771423339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/character","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","score":0.7079566717147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6423147916793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-and-incremental-development","display_name":"Iterative and incremental development","score":0.6186999082565308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6048231720924377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5105336904525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4925873875617981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.48781731724739075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.44013601541519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.4374021887779236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/document-structure-description","display_name":"Document Structure Description","score":0.4158988893032074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.4101237654685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4056839346885681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.1626150906085968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.12439918518066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.10525798797607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xml","display_name":"XML","score":0.09616577625274658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.08248648047447205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777737414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4868296","display_name":"Font","level":2,"score":0.9395273923873901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C546480517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167555","display_name":"Optical character recognition","level":3,"score":0.8333706855773926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8054771423339844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7079566717147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6423147916793823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143587482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1543216","display_name":"Iterative and incremental development","level":2,"score":0.6186999082565308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6048231720924377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5105336904525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4925873875617981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.48781731724739075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.44013601541519165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.4374021887779236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68699486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265904","display_name":"Document Structure Description","level":3,"score":0.4158988893032074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4101237654685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4056839346885681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.1626150906085968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.12439918518066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.10525798797607422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8797682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2115","display_name":"XML","level":2,"score":0.09616577625274658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.08248648047447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10032-011-0164-6","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-011-0164-6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90108747","display_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)","issn_l":"1433-2825","issn":["1433-2825","1433-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.7799999713897705,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56465887","https://openalex.org/W177742592","https://openalex.org/W611401390","https://openalex.org/W1515641296","https://openalex.org/W1527085884","https://openalex.org/W2038199733","https://openalex.org/W2104626419","https://openalex.org/W2107514022","https://openalex.org/W2112890726","https://openalex.org/W2114781615","https://openalex.org/W2126086996","https://openalex.org/W2129753698","https://openalex.org/W2131442296","https://openalex.org/W2144839447","https://openalex.org/W2188041026","https://openalex.org/W2595741664","https://openalex.org/W3162013555"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2402920184","https://openalex.org/W2147687867","https://openalex.org/W2582695981","https://openalex.org/W2496907786","https://openalex.org/W2483185727","https://openalex.org/W2612325988","https://openalex.org/W2127696366","https://openalex.org/W3002261956","https://openalex.org/W2114781615","https://openalex.org/W4230848040"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}