{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2047819184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-002-0087-3","title":"Creating word-level language models for large-vocabulary handwriting recognition","display_name":"Creating word-level language models for large-vocabulary handwriting recognition","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2047819184","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-002-0087-3","mag":"2047819184"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10032-002-0087-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-002-0087-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90108747","display_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)","issn_l":"1433-2825","issn":["1433-2825","1433-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039944132","display_name":"John F. Pitrelli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John F. Pitrelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA (e-mail: pitrelli@us.ibm.com)\n, , , , , , US","IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA (e-mail: pitrelli@us.ibm.com)#N#, , US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA (e-mail: pitrelli@us.ibm.com)\n, , , , , , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA (e-mail: pitrelli@us.ibm.com)#N#, , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033756048","display_name":"Amit Dutta Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7579-0850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1341412227","display_name":"IBM (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/05hh8d621","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amit Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA (e-mail: pitrelli@us.ibm.com)\n, , , , , , US","IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA (e-mail: pitrelli@us.ibm.com)#N#, , US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA (e-mail: pitrelli@us.ibm.com)\n, , , , , , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA (e-mail: pitrelli@us.ibm.com)#N#, , US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1341412227"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5392,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67734529,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2-3","first_page":"126","last_page":"137"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9660000205039978,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.6631608605384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6295150518417358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"Word recognition","score":0.6069339513778687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handwriting","display_name":"Handwriting","score":0.5974931716918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5542914271354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.5446294546127319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4473579525947571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.4153522253036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4075058698654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.40661323070526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.06861969828605652}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.6631608605384827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6295150518417358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.6069339513778687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779386606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2393642","display_name":"Handwriting","level":2,"score":0.5974931716918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5542914271354675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.5446294546127319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4473579525947571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.4153522253036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4075058698654175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40661323070526123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.06861969828605652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10032-002-0087-3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10032-002-0087-3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S90108747","display_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition (IJDAR)","issn_l":"1433-2825","issn":["1433-2825","1433-2833"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Document Analysis and Recognition","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8100000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W77387511","https://openalex.org/W1508165687","https://openalex.org/W1539412743","https://openalex.org/W1549285799","https://openalex.org/W1553385386","https://openalex.org/W1940278502","https://openalex.org/W2121227244","https://openalex.org/W2129608356","https://openalex.org/W2142069714","https://openalex.org/W2147510700","https://openalex.org/W2997757304"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2063708026","https://openalex.org/W1997182898","https://openalex.org/W2944691285","https://openalex.org/W2401522294","https://openalex.org/W1962828410","https://openalex.org/W2253780618","https://openalex.org/W4205429340","https://openalex.org/W4232239836","https://openalex.org/W2601201456","https://openalex.org/W2079838398"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-19T15:47:20.252518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
