{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3006060688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10009-020-00551-6","title":"Validation and real-life demonstration of ETCS hybrid level 3 principles using a formal B model","display_name":"Validation and real-life demonstration of ETCS hybrid level 3 principles using a formal B model","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3006060688","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10009-020-00551-6","mag":"3006060688"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10009-020-00551-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10009-020-00551-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10009-020-00551-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122567160","display_name":"International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer","issn_l":"1433-2779","issn":["1433-2779","1433-2787"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10009-020-00551-6.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015092164","display_name":"Dominik Hansen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44260953","display_name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf","ror":"https://ror.org/024z2rq82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123028","display_name":"Thales (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/031xjr712","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dominik Hansen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","Thales Deutschland GmbH, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales Deutschland GmbH, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058847017","display_name":"Micha\u00ebl Leuschel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4595-1518"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44260953","display_name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf","ror":"https://ror.org/024z2rq82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Leuschel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042234630","display_name":"Philipp K\u00f6rner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7256-9560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44260953","display_name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf","ror":"https://ror.org/024z2rq82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philipp K\u00f6rner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090816771","display_name":"Sebastian Krings","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6712-9798"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44260953","display_name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf","ror":"https://ror.org/024z2rq82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Krings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067155553","display_name":"Thomas Naulin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123028","display_name":"Thales (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/031xjr712","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Naulin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thales Deutschland GmbH, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales Deutschland GmbH, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004191317","display_name":"Nader Nayeri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123028","display_name":"Thales (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/031xjr712","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nader Nayeri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thales Deutschland GmbH, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales Deutschland GmbH, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010428924","display_name":"David C. Schneider","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4771-2155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44260953","display_name":"Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf","ror":"https://ror.org/024z2rq82","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf, D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44260953"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015489439","display_name":"Frank Skowron","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123028","display_name":"Thales (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/031xjr712","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028","https://openalex.org/I4210140930"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frank Skowron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Thales Deutschland GmbH, Berlin, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Thales Deutschland GmbH, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015092164"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123028","https://openalex.org/I44260953"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":3.6043,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93241826,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"3","first_page":"315","last_page":"332"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11568","display_name":"Railway Systems and Energy Efficiency","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13615","display_name":"Transportation Systems and Safety","score":0.9865999817848206,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10842","display_name":"Railway Engineering and Dynamics","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8232457637786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/train","display_name":"Train","score":0.6340475678443909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theory-of-computation","display_name":"Theory of computation","score":0.627091646194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interlocking","display_name":"Interlocking","score":0.6054525971412659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.583061695098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.5568272471427917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/track","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","score":0.49801039695739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4664084017276764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.42463845014572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3295552134513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3069846034049988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.2647559940814972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.23283222317695618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2217322587966919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.1184537410736084}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8232457637786865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.6340475678443909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24858836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844718","display_name":"Theory of computation","level":2,"score":0.627091646194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778844933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q630950","display_name":"Interlocking","level":2,"score":0.6054525971412659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.583061695098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5568272471427917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89992363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5961558","display_name":"Track (disk drive)","level":2,"score":0.49801039695739746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4664084017276764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.42463845014572144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3295552134513855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3069846034049988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.2647559940814972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.23283222317695618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2217322587966919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.1184537410736084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10009-020-00551-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10009-020-00551-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10009-020-00551-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122567160","display_name":"International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer","issn_l":"1433-2779","issn":["1433-2779","1433-2787"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10009-020-00551-6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10009-020-00551-6","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10009-020-00551-6.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S122567160","display_name":"International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer","issn_l":"1433-2779","issn":["1433-2779","1433-2787"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321951","display_name":"Heinrich-Heine-Universit\u00e4t D\u00fcsseldorf","ror":"https://ror.org/024z2rq82"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3006060688.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3006060688.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W813487784","https://openalex.org/W1528154385","https://openalex.org/W1531426588","https://openalex.org/W1544621933","https://openalex.org/W1556900989","https://openalex.org/W1563841124","https://openalex.org/W1824864729","https://openalex.org/W1892497168","https://openalex.org/W2031111226","https://openalex.org/W2071725124","https://openalex.org/W2094442885","https://openalex.org/W2099809555","https://openalex.org/W2144973245","https://openalex.org/W2276413227","https://openalex.org/W2463945760","https://openalex.org/W2478041726","https://openalex.org/W2478477452","https://openalex.org/W2766346509","https://openalex.org/W2785893179","https://openalex.org/W2799958987","https://openalex.org/W2802031355","https://openalex.org/W2802279064","https://openalex.org/W2802346131","https://openalex.org/W2802534664","https://openalex.org/W2802660378","https://openalex.org/W2885469735","https://openalex.org/W3193268718","https://openalex.org/W4244819751","https://openalex.org/W4254354208","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2287710223","https://openalex.org/W3094364298","https://openalex.org/W2514536182","https://openalex.org/W4319430794","https://openalex.org/W4394755138","https://openalex.org/W4327519841","https://openalex.org/W649146757","https://openalex.org/W2392716122","https://openalex.org/W4403563886","https://openalex.org/W2379583742"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"this":[2],"article,":[3],"we":[4],"present":[5],"a":[6,22,121,134],"concrete":[7],"realisation":[8],"of":[9,35,54,66,86,116],"the":[10,49,63,67,71,79,84,87,89,109,114,117],"ETCS":[11],"hybrid":[12],"level":[13,28],"3":[14,29],"concept,":[15],"whose":[16],"practical":[17],"viability":[18],"was":[19],"evaluated":[20],"in":[21,25,133],"field":[23,135],"demonstration":[24,136],"2017.":[26],"Hybrid":[27],"introduces":[30,45],"virtual":[31,57,68,101,106],"subsections":[32,69],"as":[33,92,120],"sub-divisions":[34],"classical":[36],"track":[37,80],"sections":[38],"with":[39],"trackside":[40],"train":[41,72,75],"detection.":[42],"Our":[43],"approach":[44],"an":[46,93],"add-on":[47],"for":[48,100,104],"radio":[50],"block":[51,58],"centre":[52],"(RBC)":[53],"Thales,":[55],"called":[56],"function":[59],"(VBF),":[60],"which":[61],"computes":[62],"occupation":[64,81],"states":[65],"using":[70,128],"position":[73],"reports,":[74],"integrity":[76],"information,":[77],"and":[78,130],"states.":[82],"From":[83],"perspective":[85],"RBC,":[88],"VBF":[90],"behaves":[91],"interlocking":[94],"that":[95],"transmits":[96],"all":[97],"signal":[98],"aspects":[99],"signals":[102],"introduced":[103],"each":[105],"subsection":[107],"to":[108,137],"RBC.":[110],"We":[111],"report":[112],"on":[113],"development":[115],"VBF,":[118],"implemented":[119],"formal":[122],"B":[123],"model":[124],"executed":[125],"at":[126],"runtime":[127],"ProB":[129],"successfully":[131],"used":[132],"control":[138],"real":[139],"trains.":[140]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-18T14:38:29.013473","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}