{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1965638906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-0149-0","title":"Towards an understanding of the causes and effects of software requirements change: two case studies","display_name":"Towards an understanding of the causes and effects of software requirements change: two case studies","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1965638906","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-0149-0","mag":"1965638906"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00766-012-0149-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-0149-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00766-012-0149-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207090427","display_name":"Requirements Engineering","issn_l":"0947-3602","issn":["0947-3602","1432-010X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Requirements Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00766-012-0149-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058442939","display_name":"Sharon McGee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sharon McGee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK","Queens University Belfast,School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Belfast,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queens University Belfast,School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Belfast,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005179962","display_name":"Des Greer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6367-9274"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Des Greer","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK","Queens University Belfast,School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Belfast,UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Queens University Belfast,School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Belfast,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058442939"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"apc_list":{"value":2780,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2780},"apc_paid":{"value":2780,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2780},"fwci":11.8471,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98013912,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"2","first_page":"133","last_page":"155"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-management","display_name":"Requirements management","score":0.6870864629745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.564900279045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirement","display_name":"Requirement","score":0.5565405488014221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/novelty","display_name":"Novelty","score":0.5422310829162598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stakeholder","display_name":"Stakeholder","score":0.5214464068412781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-analysis","display_name":"Requirements analysis","score":0.4981703758239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/requirements-elicitation","display_name":"Requirements elicitation","score":0.47245338559150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"Usability","score":0.4513283967971802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.44319629669189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-requirements-specification","display_name":"Software requirements specification","score":0.441457599401474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-management","display_name":"Change management (ITSM)","score":0.4362877905368805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.37318581342697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.32885730266571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-development","display_name":"Software development","score":0.2841727137565613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2332579791545868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-design","display_name":"Software design","score":0.20141839981079102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.194463849067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.18006664514541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.16247394680976868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.08876961469650269}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173577280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q530038","display_name":"Requirements management","level":4,"score":0.6870864629745483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.564900279045105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135475081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q774228","display_name":"Requirement","level":4,"score":0.5565405488014221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778738651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16546687","display_name":"Novelty","level":2,"score":0.5422310829162598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201305675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852998","display_name":"Stakeholder","level":2,"score":0.5214464068412781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59488412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187147","display_name":"Requirements analysis","level":3,"score":0.4981703758239746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45384764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838667","display_name":"Requirements elicitation","level":4,"score":0.47245338559150696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.4513283967971802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.44319629669189453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102780508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1761598","display_name":"Software requirements specification","level":5,"score":0.441457599401474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123961466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061970","display_name":"Change management (ITSM)","level":3,"score":0.4362877905368805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.37318581342697144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.32885730266571045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.2841727137565613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2332579791545868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52913732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857102","display_name":"Software design","level":4,"score":0.20141839981079102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.194463849067688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.18006664514541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.16247394680976868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.08876961469650269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137335462","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380772","display_name":"Lean manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00766-012-0149-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-0149-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00766-012-0149-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207090427","display_name":"Requirements Engineering","issn_l":"0947-3602","issn":["0947-3602","1432-010X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Requirements Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:openaire/191ee60f-f66e-4227-b9da-344da79b39eb","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/191ee60f-f66e-4227-b9da-344da79b39eb","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"McGee, S & Greer, D 2012, 'Towards an understanding of the causes and effects of software requirements change: two case studies', Requirements Engineering, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 133-155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-0149-0","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.352.8700","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.352.8700","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.qub.ac.uk/~Des.Greer/SMREJpublished2012.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00766-012-0149-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00766-012-0149-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00766-012-0149-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S207090427","display_name":"Requirements Engineering","issn_l":"0947-3602","issn":["0947-3602","1432-010X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Requirements Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1965638906.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W1965638906.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W119829831","https://openalex.org/W1506150625","https://openalex.org/W1527311855","https://openalex.org/W1533096022","https://openalex.org/W1585742531","https://openalex.org/W1692158061","https://openalex.org/W1885997323","https://openalex.org/W1936376450","https://openalex.org/W1983269330","https://openalex.org/W1986736724","https://openalex.org/W2011310624","https://openalex.org/W2016057341","https://openalex.org/W2032051293","https://openalex.org/W2039076937","https://openalex.org/W2056134008","https://openalex.org/W2058335615","https://openalex.org/W2067033265","https://openalex.org/W2097789831","https://openalex.org/W2100403649","https://openalex.org/W2101728371","https://openalex.org/W2107166594","https://openalex.org/W2108944883","https://openalex.org/W2114269784","https://openalex.org/W2114387130","https://openalex.org/W2116693957","https://openalex.org/W2121869684","https://openalex.org/W2126476511","https://openalex.org/W2129103796","https://openalex.org/W2146947654","https://openalex.org/W2150098915","https://openalex.org/W2151976504","https://openalex.org/W2154559688","https://openalex.org/W2162739315","https://openalex.org/W2163956676","https://openalex.org/W2165043113","https://openalex.org/W2165776486","https://openalex.org/W2166367348","https://openalex.org/W2167599600","https://openalex.org/W2234133630","https://openalex.org/W2307270019","https://openalex.org/W3013958783","https://openalex.org/W4238212877","https://openalex.org/W4247374428","https://openalex.org/W4247747396"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2472769502","https://openalex.org/W4254568495","https://openalex.org/W142054160","https://openalex.org/W2242308721","https://openalex.org/W344309486","https://openalex.org/W2086989715","https://openalex.org/W1617997706","https://openalex.org/W2901540557","https://openalex.org/W1991761041","https://openalex.org/W2212135093"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Changes":[1],"to":[2,10,87,131,152,188],"software":[3,15],"requirements":[4,37,104,113,259],"not":[5],"only":[6,209],"pose":[7],"a":[8,74,89,146,237,245],"risk":[9],"the":[11,29,44,52,71,79,103,120,132,138,141,153,179,196,203,233,264,267,271],"successful":[12],"delivery":[13],"of":[14,28,33,46,54,73,106,117,127,135,140,181,228,240,258,266,270],"applications":[16],"but":[17,243],"also":[18,40,176],"provide":[19,88,236],"opportunity":[20],"for":[21,92,137,251],"improved":[22],"usability":[23],"and":[24,31,39,85,95,109,155,163,171,185,217],"value.":[25],"Increased":[26],"understanding":[27],"causes":[30],"consequences":[32],"change":[34,47,75,93,133,142,223,241,252,260],"can":[35,235],"support":[36],"management":[38,156],"make":[41],"progress":[42],"towards":[43],"goal":[45],"anticipation.":[48],"This":[49],"paper":[50],"presents":[51],"results":[53,144,269],"two":[55,272],"case":[56,68,99,122,205,273],"studies":[57],"that":[58,63,160,208,218,232,244],"address":[59],"objectives":[60],"arising":[61,129,194],"from":[62,169,195,202,221,263],"ultimate":[64],"goal.":[65],"The":[66,97],"first":[67,121],"study":[69,100,123,206],"evaluated":[70],"potential":[72],"source":[76,134,224],"taxonomy":[77,234],"containing":[78],"elements":[80],"\u2018market\u2019,":[81,136],"\u2018organisation\u2019,":[82],"\u2018vision\u2019,":[83],"\u2018specification\u2019,":[84],"\u2018solution\u2019":[86,199],"meaningful":[90,238],"basis":[91],"classification":[94],"measurement.":[96],"second":[98,204],"investigated":[101],"whether":[102],"attributes":[105],"novelty,":[107],"complexity,":[108],"dependency":[110],"correlated":[111,214],"with":[112,215],"volatility.":[114],"While":[115],"insufficiency":[116],"data":[118],"in":[119,149],"precluded":[124],"an":[125],"investigation":[126],"changes":[128,165,175,193,219],"due":[130],"remainder":[139],"sources,":[143],"indicate":[145,207],"significant":[147],"difference":[148],"cost,":[150],"value":[151,164],"customer":[154],"considerations.":[157],"Findings":[158],"show":[159],"higher":[161],"cost":[162],"arose":[166],"more":[167,182],"often":[168],"\u2018organisation\u2019":[170],"\u2018vision\u2019":[172],"sources;":[173],"these":[174],"generally":[177],"involved":[178],"co-operation":[180],"stakeholder":[183],"groups":[184,227],"were":[186],"considered":[187],"be":[189],"less":[190],"controllable":[191],"than":[192],"\u2018specification\u2019":[197],"or":[198],"sources.":[200],"Results":[201],"\u2018requirements":[210],"dependency\u2019":[211],"is":[212,249,261],"consistently":[213],"volatility":[216],"coming":[220],"each":[222],"affect":[225],"different":[226],"requirements.":[229],"We":[230],"conclude":[231],"means":[239],"classification,":[242],"single":[246],"requirement":[247],"attribute":[248],"insufficient":[250],"prediction.":[253],"A":[254],"theoretical":[255],"causal":[256],"account":[257],"drawn":[262],"implications":[265],"combined":[268],"studies.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}