{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409140505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-025-01454-7","title":"Exploring microservice ownership and organizational coupling in open-source projects: an empirical study","display_name":"Exploring microservice ownership and organizational coupling in open-source projects: an empirical study","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409140505","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-025-01454-7"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00607-025-01454-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-025-01454-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00607-025-01454-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35593046","display_name":"Computing","issn_l":"0010-485X","issn":["0010-485X","1436-5057"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00607-025-01454-7.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693396","display_name":"Xiaozhou Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3767-2527"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaozhou Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035090591","display_name":"Dario Amoroso d\u2019Aragona","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1363-2184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166825849","display_name":"Tampere University","ror":"https://ror.org/033003e23","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dario Amoroso d\u2019Aragona","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tampere University, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tampere University, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166825849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tomas Cerny","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I138006243","display_name":"University of Arizona","ror":"https://ror.org/03m2x1q45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tomas Cerny","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Arizona, Tucson, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Arizona, Tucson, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I138006243"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015576503","display_name":"Valentina Lenarduzzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0511-5133"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Valentina Lenarduzzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086929289","display_name":"Davide Taibi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3210-3990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98381234","display_name":"University of Oulu","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Davide Taibi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015575660","display_name":"Andrea Janes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1423-6773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171543936","display_name":"Free University of Bozen-Bolzano","ror":"https://ror.org/012ajp527","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171543936"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Janes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Bozen-Bolzano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171543936"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015576503"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98381234"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2890},"fwci":0.9783,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79159577,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"107","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11675","display_name":"Open Source Software Innovations","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coupling","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","score":0.5378517508506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.5302474498748779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/loose-coupling","display_name":"Loose coupling","score":0.5040420889854431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.4734606146812439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43386268615722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.430825412273407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.3632180094718933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.26204919815063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22944077849388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.17004424333572388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.13130074739456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.12266784906387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10357636213302612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131584629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4308705","display_name":"Coupling (piping)","level":2,"score":0.5378517508506775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.5302474498748779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164100034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1870629","display_name":"Loose coupling","level":2,"score":0.5040420889854431},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.4734606146812439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43386268615722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.430825412273407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.3632180094718933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26204919815063477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22944077849388123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.17004424333572388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.13130074739456177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12266784906387329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10357636213302612}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00607-025-01454-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-025-01454-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00607-025-01454-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35593046","display_name":"Computing","issn_l":"0010-485X","issn":["0010-485X","1436-5057"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/226083","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/226083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055260","display_name":"Trepo - Institutional Repository of Tampere University","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:unibz.it:11343573390001241","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://bia.unibz.it/esploro/outputs/journalArticle/Exploring-microservice-ownership-and-organizational-coupling/991007099607601241","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00607-025-01454-7","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-025-01454-7","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00607-025-01454-7.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S35593046","display_name":"Computing","issn_l":"0010-485X","issn":["0010-485X","1436-5057"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G36806144","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6GSoft","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","funder_display_name":"Business Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5027617935","display_name":"IRES Track I: US-Finnish research on sustainable evolution and technical debt management in cloud-native systems","funder_award_id":"2409933","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5762173606","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"349488","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","funder_display_name":"Business Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323692","display_name":"Oulun Yliopisto","ror":"https://ror.org/03yj89h83"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328501","display_name":"Business Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05bgf9v38"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409140505.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W178983121","https://openalex.org/W1979465005","https://openalex.org/W1993760488","https://openalex.org/W1997320786","https://openalex.org/W1998004369","https://openalex.org/W2006479099","https://openalex.org/W2058513103","https://openalex.org/W2065377429","https://openalex.org/W2088477804","https://openalex.org/W2093125667","https://openalex.org/W2101003240","https://openalex.org/W2122519137","https://openalex.org/W2127499986","https://openalex.org/W2127707215","https://openalex.org/W2131014920","https://openalex.org/W2134119432","https://openalex.org/W2139855137","https://openalex.org/W2145574830","https://openalex.org/W2148429572","https://openalex.org/W2149231960","https://openalex.org/W2159945724","https://openalex.org/W2322013807","https://openalex.org/W2467584898","https://openalex.org/W2560468917","https://openalex.org/W2897713000","https://openalex.org/W2914775513","https://openalex.org/W2922279883","https://openalex.org/W2922442354","https://openalex.org/W2943272840","https://openalex.org/W2953729744","https://openalex.org/W2983995785","https://openalex.org/W3004888235","https://openalex.org/W3100900768","https://openalex.org/W3174135203","https://openalex.org/W3185222174","https://openalex.org/W4254741915","https://openalex.org/W4291213652","https://openalex.org/W4292494783","https://openalex.org/W4296970441","https://openalex.org/W4310884751","https://openalex.org/W4322744227","https://openalex.org/W4366818471","https://openalex.org/W4387005545","https://openalex.org/W4389236656"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134411611","https://openalex.org/W3100701778","https://openalex.org/W4254667235","https://openalex.org/W2389387774","https://openalex.org/W2353742148","https://openalex.org/W2986287514","https://openalex.org/W2066230365","https://openalex.org/W2035604945","https://openalex.org/W2158262491","https://openalex.org/W2357426242"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Together":[1],"with":[2,202],"the":[3,16,23,65,98,117,125,133,151,182,185,203,229,236,263,269,275],"rising":[4],"popularity":[5],"of":[6,20,54,74,184,211,232,274],"microservices,":[7],"practitioners":[8],"have":[9],"started":[10],"to":[11,15,51,92,166,173,241],"pay":[12],"more":[13],"attention":[14],"longevity":[17],"and":[18,110,121,160,169,223,235,271],"sustainability":[19],"microservices":[21],"on":[22,150,196],"organizational":[24,152,230],"level.":[25],"Many":[26],"argue\u2014supported":[27],"by":[28,36,107,217,268],"Conway\u2019s":[29],"Law\u2014that":[30],"each":[31,44],"microservice":[32,61,134,188,221,254,260],"should":[33],"be":[34,68,167],"owned":[35],"a":[37,52,59,72,81],"specific":[38],"team":[39,45],"or":[40,46,213],"individual":[41],"developer,":[42],"although":[43],"developer":[47,205,237],"may":[48],"only":[49],"contribute":[50,240],"maximum":[53],"one":[55],"microservice.":[56],"With":[57],"such":[58,94,242,252],"\u201cone":[60,187,253],"per":[62,189,255],"team/developer\u201d":[63,190,256],"strategy,":[64],"architecture":[66],"shall":[67],"better":[69],"maintained":[70],"in":[71,112,119,124,157,171,209,259],"fashion":[73],"\u201chigh":[75],"cohesion,":[76],"low":[77],"coupling\u201d,":[78],"which":[79,104,164],"is":[80,90,129,249],"recommended":[82,186],"setting":[83,191],"for":[84],"modular":[85],"software":[86],"systems.":[87,114],"However,":[88],"it":[89,128,248],"difficult":[91],"achieve":[93],"ideal":[95],"circumstances":[96],"when":[97],"coupling":[99,141,231],"phenomena":[100],"commonly":[101],"exist":[102],"therein,":[103],"are":[105,208,265],"caused":[106,267],"cross-service":[108,145,224],"calls":[109],"dependencies":[111],"microservice-based":[113,198],"Especially":[115],"besides":[116],"couplings":[118,264],"functions":[120],"modules":[122],"latent":[123],"source":[126],"code,":[127],"also":[130,227],"noticeable":[131],"that":[132,239,247,251],"project":[135],"teams":[136],"can":[137,154],"suffer":[138],"from":[139],"high":[140,161],"issues":[142],"regarding":[143],"their":[144],"contribution.":[146],"Such":[147],"an":[148,193],"issue":[149],"level":[153],"inevitably":[155],"result":[156],"technical":[158],"debt":[159],"managerial":[162],"costs,":[163],"need":[165],"detected":[168],"mitigated":[170],"time":[172],"prevent":[174],"future":[175],"losses.":[176],"In":[177],"this":[178],"paper,":[179],"we":[180,226],"investigate":[181,228],"existence":[183],"via":[192],"empirical":[194],"study":[195],"38":[197],"open-sourced":[199],"projects":[200,234],"together":[201],"different":[204],"roles":[206,238],"who":[207],"charge":[210],"single":[212],"multiple":[214],"microservices.":[215,276],"Furthermore,":[216],"taking":[218],"into":[219],"account":[220],"ownership":[222],"contribution,":[225],"these":[233],"couplings.":[243],"The":[244],"results":[245],"show":[246],"rare":[250],"phenomenon":[257],"exists":[258],"projects,":[261],"while":[262],"majorly":[266],"leaders":[270],"major":[272],"contributors":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}