{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3147144921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-021-00784-8","title":"Abusive language detection from social media comments using conventional machine learning and deep learning approaches","display_name":"Abusive language detection from social media comments using conventional machine learning and deep learning approaches","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3147144921","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-021-00784-8","mag":"3147144921"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00530-021-00784-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-021-00784-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112262039","display_name":"Multimedia Systems","issn_l":"0942-4962","issn":["0942-4962","1432-1882"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065810383","display_name":"Muhammad Pervez Akhter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-8905"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Pervez Akhter","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-8905","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100680277","display_name":"Jiangbin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5943-7379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Jiangbin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034516128","display_name":"Irfan Raza Naqvi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-9297"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irfan Raza Naqvi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software and Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025341361","display_name":"Mohammed Abdelmajeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3001-1662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed AbdelMajeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People\u2019s Republic of China","School of Computer Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People's Republic of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People\u2019s Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xian, 710072, People's Republic of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054034369","display_name":"Tehseen Zia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8176-3373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16076960","display_name":"COMSATS University Islamabad","ror":"https://ror.org/00nqqvk19","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tehseen Zia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16076960"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065810383"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":{"value":3490,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3490},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1878,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":80,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9684258,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"6","first_page":"1925","last_page":"1940"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urdu","display_name":"Urdu","score":0.7789993286132812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7683156728744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7482502460479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scripting-language","display_name":"Scripting language","score":0.6530171632766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.627281904220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5846825242042542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media","display_name":"Social media","score":0.5460063815116882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5439070463180542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5183326005935669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.43573904037475586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2292594015598297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.10435009002685547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777350258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617","display_name":"Urdu","level":2,"score":0.7789993286132812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7683156728744507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7482502460479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61423126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187432","display_name":"Scripting language","level":2,"score":0.6530171632766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.627281904220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5846825242042542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.5460063815116882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5439070463180542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5183326005935669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.43573904037475586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2292594015598297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.10435009002685547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00530-021-00784-8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-021-00784-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112262039","display_name":"Multimedia Systems","issn_l":"0942-4962","issn":["0942-4962","1432-1882"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Multimedia Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5875277801","display_name":"\u590d\u6742\u573a\u666f\u5fae\u5c0f\u4eba\u8138\u68c0\u6d4b\u4e0e\u6bd4\u5bf9\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972321","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W791836620","https://openalex.org/W1237562695","https://openalex.org/W1527758775","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1871142974","https://openalex.org/W2044173330","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2160685721","https://openalex.org/W2181854537","https://openalex.org/W2203890649","https://openalex.org/W2284289336","https://openalex.org/W2311430799","https://openalex.org/W2409439155","https://openalex.org/W2513138008","https://openalex.org/W2523060838","https://openalex.org/W2612186323","https://openalex.org/W2613977835","https://openalex.org/W2792441346","https://openalex.org/W2792730533","https://openalex.org/W2797652130","https://openalex.org/W2800318991","https://openalex.org/W2801716390","https://openalex.org/W2807486010","https://openalex.org/W2811056307","https://openalex.org/W2889171966","https://openalex.org/W2891636837","https://openalex.org/W2891961174","https://openalex.org/W2899534962","https://openalex.org/W2901224794","https://openalex.org/W2901236145","https://openalex.org/W2908092214","https://openalex.org/W2951592338","https://openalex.org/W2953692061","https://openalex.org/W2954691966","https://openalex.org/W2956211185","https://openalex.org/W2962977603","https://openalex.org/W2963481894","https://openalex.org/W2966292608","https://openalex.org/W2967734965","https://openalex.org/W2969026449","https://openalex.org/W2971323584","https://openalex.org/W3008993296","https://openalex.org/W3021810042","https://openalex.org/W3025740135","https://openalex.org/W3103061166","https://openalex.org/W4212962367"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588484110","https://openalex.org/W1566901819","https://openalex.org/W604003083","https://openalex.org/W597280011","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
