{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414889807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-12247-0","title":"An evaluation of LLMs for generating movie reviews: GPT-4o, Gemini-2.0 and DeepSeek-V3","display_name":"An evaluation of LLMs for generating movie reviews: GPT-4o, Gemini-2.0 and DeepSeek-V3","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-06-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414889807","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-12247-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-026-12247-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-12247-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-026-12247-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-026-12247-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119876230","display_name":"Brendan Sands","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112625","display_name":"Collaborative Research Group","ror":"https://ror.org/02c5sgb74","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112625"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brendan Sands","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043176070","display_name":"Yin Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8137-7496"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112625","display_name":"Collaborative Research Group","ror":"https://ror.org/02c5sgb74","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112625"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yining Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119876231","display_name":"Chenhao Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112625","display_name":"Collaborative Research Group","ror":"https://ror.org/02c5sgb74","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112625"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenhao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yuxuan Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112625","display_name":"Collaborative Research Group","ror":"https://ror.org/02c5sgb74","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112625"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112625"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119876232","display_name":"Lai Wei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112625","display_name":"Collaborative Research Group","ror":"https://ror.org/02c5sgb74","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112625"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lai Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112625"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5119876233","display_name":"Rohitash Chandra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112625","display_name":"Collaborative Research Group","ror":"https://ror.org/02c5sgb74","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112625"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rohitash Chandra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Transitional Artificial Intelligence Research Group, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112625"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5119876233"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112625"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.01106501,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"13","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.8669000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11439","display_name":"Video Analysis and Summarization","score":0.8669000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.7646999955177307,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.7560999989509583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.5945000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matching","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","score":0.4932999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/affect","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentiment-analysis","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/narrative","display_name":"Narrative","score":0.32030001282691956}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5945000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.5655999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.4932999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4885999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45579999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112698675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37038","display_name":"Advertising","level":1,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.325300008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.31220000982284546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775941552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25212305","display_name":"Isolation (microbiology)","level":2,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.289900004863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.28360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74196892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7781188","display_name":"Thematic analysis","level":3,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171078966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029","display_name":"Root (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118643609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189210","display_name":"Web application","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.2531000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780665704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959298","display_name":"Intervention (counseling)","level":2,"score":0.25200000405311584}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-026-12247-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-12247-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-026-12247-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2506.00312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2506.00312","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.00312","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2506.00312","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2506.00312","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-026-12247-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-12247-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-026-12247-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320965","display_name":"University of New South Wales","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414889807.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4414889807.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Large":[1],"language":[2],"models":[3],"(LLMs)":[4],"have":[5],"been":[6],"prominent":[7],"in":[8,96,106,134],"various":[9],"tasks,":[10],"including":[11],"text":[12],"generation":[13,22,34],"and":[14,54,56,73,80,103,123,137,142,172],"summarisation.":[15],"The":[16,112,176],"applicability":[17],"of":[18,23,35,87,98,119,156],"LLMs":[19,51,79,116],"to":[20,77,108,151,185],"the":[21,30,33,62,78,85,92,153,196],"product":[24],"reviews":[25,48,88,95,181],"is":[26,149],"gaining":[27],"momentum,":[28],"paving":[29],"way":[31],"for":[32],"movie":[36,47,71,94,126,157],"reviews.":[37,68,111,127,175,190,203],"In":[38],"this":[39],"study,":[40],"we":[41,129],"propose":[42],"a":[43,131,163],"framework":[44],"that":[45,115,146,179,193],"generates":[46],"using":[49],"three":[50],"(GPT-4o,":[52],"DeepSeek-V3,":[53],"Gemini-2.0),":[55],"evaluate":[57],"their":[58],"performance":[59],"by":[60],"comparing":[61],"generated":[63],"outputs":[64],"with":[65],"IMDb":[66,143,173,202],"user":[67,110,174,189],"We":[69,90,160,191],"use":[70],"subtitles":[72],"screenplays":[74],"as":[75],"input":[76],"investigate":[81],"how":[82],"they":[83],"affect":[84],"quality":[86,155],"generated.":[89],"review":[91,158],"LLM-based":[93],"terms":[97],"vocabulary,":[99],"sentiment":[100],"polarity,":[101],"similarity,":[102],"thematic":[104],"consistency":[105],"comparison":[107],"IMDB":[109,188],"results":[113,177],"demonstrate":[114],"are":[117],"capable":[118],"generating":[120],"syntactically":[121],"fluent":[122],"structurally":[124],"complete":[125],"Nevertheless,":[128],"find":[130,192],"noticeable":[132],"gap":[133],"emotional":[135,217],"richness":[136],"stylistic":[138],"coherence":[139],"between":[140,170],"LLM-generated":[141,180],"reviews,":[144,199],"suggesting":[145],"further":[147],"refinement":[148],"needed":[150],"improve":[152],"overall":[154],"generation.":[159],"finally":[161],"conduct":[162],"survey-based":[164],"human":[165],"analysis,":[166],"where":[167],"participants":[168],"distinguish":[169,186],"LLM":[171],"show":[178],"were":[182],"generally":[183],"difficult":[184],"from":[187],"DeepSeek-V3":[194],"produced":[195],"most":[197],"balanced":[198],"closely":[200],"matching":[201],"GPT-4o":[204],"overemphasised":[205],"positive":[206],"emotions,":[207],"while":[208],"Gemini-2.0":[209],"captured":[210],"negative":[211],"emotions":[212],"better":[213],"but":[214],"showed":[215],"excessive":[216],"intensity.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
