{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7153469213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-11884-9","title":"Analytical segmentation of white blood cells nuclei using hybrid thresholding with Mahalanobis distance approach","display_name":"Analytical segmentation of white blood cells nuclei using hybrid thresholding with Mahalanobis distance approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7153469213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-11884-9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-026-11884-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-11884-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-11884-9","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116218200","display_name":"Puteri Zalikha Simya Ismail","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Puteri Zalikha Simya Ismail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Intelligent Computing, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Intelligent Computing, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079643825","display_name":"Ahmad Kadri Junoh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7705-4707"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmad Kadri Junoh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Intelligent Computing, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7705-4707","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Intelligent Computing, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032594204","display_name":"Wan Zuki Azman Wan Muhamad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5697-8196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wan Zuki Azman Wan Muhamad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Intelligent Computing, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Intelligent Computing, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052647607","display_name":"Rasyida Md Saad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rasyida Md Saad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Intelligent Computing, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Intelligent Computing, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082421501","display_name":"Mohd Yusoff Mashor","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65079550","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Yusoff Mashor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Perlis, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021863858","display_name":"Razan Hayati Zulkeflee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2760-0703"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139322472","display_name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02rgb2k63","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Razan Hayati Zulkeflee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139322472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037474611","display_name":"Achmad Abdurrazzaq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9227-023X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210112051","display_name":"Indonesia Defense University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v4mmk55","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210112051"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Achmad Abdurrazzaq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Military Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Indonesia Defense University, IPSC Area, Sentul, Bogor, 16810, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Military Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Indonesia Defense University, IPSC Area, Sentul, Bogor, 16810, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210112051"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079643825"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65079550"],"apc_list":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"apc_paid":{"value":3290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3290},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.32422483,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"8","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12859","display_name":"Cell Image Analysis Techniques","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thresholding","display_name":"Thresholding","score":0.8503000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mahalanobis-distance","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","score":0.8234999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7074999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5855000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-space-segmentation","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3991999924182892}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.8503000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.824400007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1921717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334846","display_name":"Mahalanobis distance","level":2,"score":0.8234999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7275999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7074999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5855000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.4284000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3991999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.36000001430511475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25694479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7446278","display_name":"Segmentation-based object categorization","level":5,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777522853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276128","display_name":"Digital pathology","level":2,"score":0.3212999999523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.29980000853538513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92835128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277447","display_name":"Hierarchical clustering","level":3,"score":0.25690001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42781572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1250322","display_name":"Digital image","level":4,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202577368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2576067","display_name":"Balanced histogram thresholding","level":5,"score":0.2531999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21729346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2444417","display_name":"Otsu's method","level":4,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-026-11884-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-11884-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-026-11884-9","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-026-11884-9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.5865104794502258}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322820","display_name":"Universiti Malaysia Perlis","ror":"https://ror.org/00xmkb790"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1992419399","https://openalex.org/W2091463880","https://openalex.org/W2093075920","https://openalex.org/W2098360374","https://openalex.org/W2121358705","https://openalex.org/W2140405352","https://openalex.org/W2158703410","https://openalex.org/W2166691410","https://openalex.org/W2229491714","https://openalex.org/W2422023563","https://openalex.org/W2566111701","https://openalex.org/W2587977587","https://openalex.org/W2755814199","https://openalex.org/W2769572566","https://openalex.org/W2770156338","https://openalex.org/W2780046453","https://openalex.org/W2844716677","https://openalex.org/W2887658940","https://openalex.org/W2912175803","https://openalex.org/W2921591511","https://openalex.org/W2990797921","https://openalex.org/W2996142370","https://openalex.org/W3009392671","https://openalex.org/W3009535589","https://openalex.org/W3015930014","https://openalex.org/W3037839692","https://openalex.org/W3045318821","https://openalex.org/W3091750992","https://openalex.org/W3095400015","https://openalex.org/W3111388684","https://openalex.org/W3129160290","https://openalex.org/W3169911396","https://openalex.org/W3208305504","https://openalex.org/W4205692658","https://openalex.org/W4207016125","https://openalex.org/W4220855143","https://openalex.org/W4225252372","https://openalex.org/W4226160161","https://openalex.org/W4230805932","https://openalex.org/W4235365593","https://openalex.org/W4281983198","https://openalex.org/W4281988129","https://openalex.org/W4285241836","https://openalex.org/W4289656111","https://openalex.org/W4319660014","https://openalex.org/W4321444076","https://openalex.org/W4385896677","https://openalex.org/W4386168353","https://openalex.org/W4388505256","https://openalex.org/W4388861117","https://openalex.org/W4392744781","https://openalex.org/W4394064077"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Digital":[0],"medical":[1],"images":[2,131],"are":[3],"used":[4,151],"in":[5,33,56,128,206],"healthcare":[6],"for":[7,51,160],"image":[8,21,86,94,185,246],"processing":[9],"and":[10,28,39,78,102,120,157,180],"machine":[11],"learning,":[12],"allowing":[13],"computers":[14],"to":[15,54,91,95,118,168],"analyze":[16],"various":[17],"phenomena.":[18],"Traditional":[19],"microscopic":[20],"segmentation":[22,40,67,164,232],"by":[23,69],"hematologists":[24],"is":[25,36,89,116,140,235],"labor-intensive,":[26],"repetitive,":[27],"costly.":[29],"A":[30],"crucial":[31],"stage":[32],"hematology":[34],"imaging":[35],"the":[37,103,112,123,126,133,197,201,209,214,218,224,230,238,242,245],"detection":[38],"of":[41,172,208,244,248],"white":[42,98,173],"blood":[43,99,174],"cell":[44,100],"nuclei,":[45],"which":[46],"serves":[47],"as":[48,146,148],"a":[49,64,92],"foundation":[50],"deep":[52],"learning":[53,109],"assist":[55],"diagnosing":[57],"many":[58],"blood-related":[59],"diseases.":[60],"This":[61,137],"study":[62],"proposes":[63],"novel,":[65],"supervised":[66,108,135],"method":[68,139,199,240],"hybridizing":[70],"threshold":[71],"with":[72],"Mahalanobis":[73,113],"distance,":[74],"offering":[75],"an":[76],"accurate":[77],"lightweight":[79],"solution":[80],"validated":[81],"across":[82],"three":[83,183,203,210],"diverse":[84],"WBC":[85],"datasets.":[87,110],"Thresholding":[88],"applied":[90,167],"training":[93],"distinguish":[96],"between":[97],"nuclei":[101],"surrounding":[104],"background,":[105],"thereby":[106],"creating":[107],"Subsequently,":[111],"distance":[114],"technique":[115,145,216],"employed":[117],"automatically":[119],"efficiently":[121],"segment":[122],"nucleus":[124],"from":[125,188],"background":[127],"other":[129,149,202],"test":[130],"using":[132],"established":[134],"data.":[136],"novel":[138],"compared":[141],"against":[142],"traditional":[143],"thresholding":[144,215],"well":[147],"widely":[150],"clustering":[152,156,159],"methods,":[153],"including":[154],"hierarchical":[155],"k-means":[158],"performance":[161,192],"evaluation.":[162],"The":[163,191],"processes":[165],"were":[166],"five":[169],"distinct":[170],"types":[171],"cells:":[175],"neutrophils,":[176],"eosinophils,":[177],"basophils,":[178],"monocytes":[179],"lymphocytes,":[181],"under":[182],"varying":[184],"conditions":[186],"sourced":[187],"different":[189],"databases.":[190,211],"evaluation":[193],"results":[194],"show":[195],"that":[196,237],"proposed":[198,239],"outperforms":[200],"alternative":[204],"techniques":[205],"two":[207],"In":[212],"contrast,":[213],"exhibited":[217],"shortest":[219],"execution":[220],"time":[221],"among":[222],"all":[223],"methods":[225],"evaluated.":[226],"Nevertheless,":[227],"when":[228],"assessing":[229],"visual":[231],"results,":[233],"it":[234],"evident":[236],"improved":[241],"accuracy":[243],"region":[247],"interest.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-04-12T00:00:00"}
