{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130436552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11827-w","title":"A comprehensive review of convolutional neural networks: foundations, enhancements and applications","display_name":"A comprehensive review of convolutional neural networks: foundations, enhancements and applications","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130436552","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11827-w"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11827-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11827-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-025-11827-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-025-11827-w.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126324933","display_name":"Md. Himel Reza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17477748","display_name":"Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049ysg747","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17477748"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md. Himel Reza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17477748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126320158","display_name":"Md. Noman Biswas Sibly","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17477748","display_name":"Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049ysg747","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17477748"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md. Noman Biswas Sibly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17477748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055147292","display_name":"Md. Golam Rabbani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8114-9135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17477748","display_name":"Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049ysg747","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17477748"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shaikh Golam Rabbani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17477748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126328152","display_name":"Shafayetul Huda Sadi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17477748","display_name":"Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049ysg747","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17477748"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shafayetul Huda Sadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17477748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124836616","display_name":"Md. Faysal Ahamed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17477748","display_name":"Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049ysg747","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17477748"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md. Faysal Ahamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17477748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115045702","display_name":"Fariya Bintay Shafi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17477748","display_name":"Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049ysg747","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17477748"]}],"countries":["BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fariya Bintay Shafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology, Rajshahi, Bangladesh","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17477748"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093021728","display_name":"Rusab Sarmun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4887-0627"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rusab Sarmun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0744-8206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60342839","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0744-8206","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60342839"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055147292","https://openalex.org/A5093021728","https://openalex.org/A5115045702","https://openalex.org/A5124836616","https://openalex.org/A5126320158","https://openalex.org/A5126324933","https://openalex.org/A5126328152"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17477748","https://openalex.org/I60342839"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":40.3827,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99787342,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"4","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.3377000093460083,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.3377000093460083,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13918","display_name":"Advanced Data and IoT Technologies","score":0.06430000066757202,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14347","display_name":"Big Data and Digital Economy","score":0.051500000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7710999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.5651000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5231999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4544999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3409999907016754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8313000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7710999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6758999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.5651000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5231999754905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5135999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4544999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3409999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.32839998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.32269999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.2662999927997589}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11827-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11827-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-025-11827-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11827-w","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11827-w","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-025-11827-w.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.45394188165664673,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322472","display_name":"Qatar University","ror":"https://ror.org/00yhnba62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7130436552.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7130436552.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":134,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W56385144","https://openalex.org/W70975097","https://openalex.org/W105703852","https://openalex.org/W114517082","https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1512976292","https://openalex.org/W1522734439","https://openalex.org/W1524680991","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1832693441","https://openalex.org/W1833143043","https://openalex.org/W1840106123","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1897260080","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1921523184","https://openalex.org/W1932847118","https://openalex.org/W1938976761","https://openalex.org/W1958236864","https://openalex.org/W1960289438","https://openalex.org/W1980287119","https://openalex.org/W1984514441","https://openalex.org/W1993309459","https://openalex.org/W2021354639","https://openalex.org/W2039240409","https://openalex.org/W2076977109","https://openalex.org/W2088049833","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2103212315","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2136508426","https://openalex.org/W2138621090","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2148141637","https://openalex.org/W2150066425","https://openalex.org/W2171590421","https://openalex.org/W2179352600","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2222317246","https://openalex.org/W2264784471","https://openalex.org/W2308665943","https://openalex.org/W2322371438","https://openalex.org/W2325939864","https://openalex.org/W2342662179","https://openalex.org/W2407023693","https://openalex.org/W2493343568","https://openalex.org/W2512971201","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2549139847","https://openalex.org/W2558748708","https://openalex.org/W2581082771","https://openalex.org/W2605214291","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2620694480","https://openalex.org/W2765982206","https://openalex.org/W2769210209","https://openalex.org/W2787894218","https://openalex.org/W2790979755","https://openalex.org/W2806489700","https://openalex.org/W2890848214","https://openalex.org/W2902393871","https://openalex.org/W2907492528","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962766801","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2962860144","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963261650","https://openalex.org/W2963400571","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963470893","https://openalex.org/W2963524571","https://openalex.org/W2963795951","https://openalex.org/W2963847595","https://openalex.org/W2963881378","https://openalex.org/W2964050021","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2964101377","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W2965857035","https://openalex.org/W2970675500","https://openalex.org/W2979095988","https://openalex.org/W2979750740","https://openalex.org/W3003841907","https://openalex.org/W3012494314","https://openalex.org/W3034021666","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3056919267","https://openalex.org/W3125832420","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3166898278","https://openalex.org/W3168997536","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4256351313","https://openalex.org/W4283791586","https://openalex.org/W4285167337","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4293846201","https://openalex.org/W4297029841","https://openalex.org/W4319990210","https://openalex.org/W4322703878","https://openalex.org/W4385489051","https://openalex.org/W4386067012","https://openalex.org/W4387230408","https://openalex.org/W4391602018","https://openalex.org/W4393186488","https://openalex.org/W4394642372","https://openalex.org/W4399015791","https://openalex.org/W4399422040","https://openalex.org/W4399813745","https://openalex.org/W4401083165","https://openalex.org/W4401103396","https://openalex.org/W4401155557","https://openalex.org/W4401381118","https://openalex.org/W4401999987","https://openalex.org/W4402224479","https://openalex.org/W4402226173","https://openalex.org/W4403447154","https://openalex.org/W4404032110","https://openalex.org/W4404032603","https://openalex.org/W4404609288","https://openalex.org/W4404609377","https://openalex.org/W4405142868","https://openalex.org/W4405838399","https://openalex.org/W4406299758","https://openalex.org/W4407078143","https://openalex.org/W4407847692","https://openalex.org/W4411298041"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Convolutional":[1],"Neural":[2],"Networks":[3],"(CNNs)":[4],"have":[5,147],"emerged":[6],"as":[7,70,140],"a":[8,47,90],"cornerstone":[9],"in":[10,53,136,175],"the":[11,87,171,202,215],"field":[12],"of":[13,50,173,218],"deep":[14],"learning,":[15],"demonstrating":[16],"remarkable":[17],"performance":[18],"across":[19],"various":[20,67],"domains,":[21],"including":[22,101,188],"computer":[23],"vision":[24],"and":[25,35,42,66,75,83,108,125,132,144,165,185,194,207],"natural":[26],"language":[27],"processing.":[28],"Their":[29],"widespread":[30],"acceptance":[31],"on":[32],"both":[33],"academic":[34],"industrial":[36],"levels":[37],"has":[38],"spurred":[39],"much":[40],"research":[41,210],"development.":[43],"This":[44],"study":[45,115,155],"provides":[46],"comprehensive":[48],"overview":[49],"recent":[51,96],"developments":[52],"convolutional":[54,110],"neural":[55,127],"network":[56],"(CNN)":[57],"architectures":[58,82,119],"by":[59],"analyzing":[60],"their":[61,84],"foundational":[62],"concepts,":[63],"structural":[64],"enhancements,":[65],"applications":[68],"such":[69,139],"image":[71],"classification,":[72],"medical":[73],"imaging,":[74],"autonomous":[76],"systems.":[77],"Starting":[78],"with":[79,123],"conventional":[80],"CNN":[81,157,199],"fundamental":[85],"elements,":[86],"paper":[88,203],"uses":[89],"systematic":[91],"approach":[92],"to":[93,129,198],"look":[94],"into":[95,214],"advances.":[97],"Key":[98],"architectural":[99],"innovations,":[100],"advanced":[102],"activation":[103],"functions,":[104],"novel":[105],"pooling":[106],"strategies,":[107],"optimized":[109],"techniques,":[111],"are":[112],"discussed.":[113],"The":[114,154],"also":[116],"explores":[117],"hybrid":[118],"that":[120,159,180],"integrate":[121],"CNNs":[122,174],"transformers":[124],"recurrent":[126],"networks":[128],"enhance":[130,166],"contextual":[131],"sequential":[133],"learning.":[134],"Advances":[135],"training":[137],"processes,":[138],"enhanced":[141],"loss":[142],"functions":[143],"regularization":[145],"approaches,":[146],"been":[148],"studied":[149],"for":[150],"enhancing":[151],"model":[152,167],"performance.":[153,200],"highlights":[156],"advancements":[158],"improve":[160],"accuracy,":[161],"reduce":[162],"computational":[163],"costs,":[164],"generalization.":[168],"It":[169],"underscores":[170],"effectiveness":[172],"critical":[176],"domains.":[177],"Findings":[178],"reveal":[179],"improved":[181],"feature":[182],"extraction":[183],"techniques":[184],"interpretability":[186],"methods,":[187],"Gradient-weighted":[189],"Class":[190],"Activation":[191],"Mapping":[192],"(Grad-CAM)":[193],"Graph-CNNs,":[195],"contribute":[196],"significantly":[197],"Finally,":[201],"identifies":[204],"open":[205],"challenges":[206],"outlines":[208],"potential":[209],"directions,":[211],"providing":[212],"insights":[213],"future":[216],"development":[217],"CNNs.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2026-02-19T00:00:00"}
