{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413802433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11540-8","title":"Round trip time meets transformers: high-fidelity human counting in cluttered environments","display_name":"Round trip time meets transformers: high-fidelity human counting in cluttered environments","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413802433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11540-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11540-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11540-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-025-11540-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-025-11540-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023279673","display_name":"Haruki Yonekura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8184-3883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130188","display_name":"Museum of Japanese Art Yamato Bunkakan","ror":"https://ror.org/04cnkg888","country_code":"JP","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haruki Yonekura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Science and Technology, The University of Osaka, Yamadaoka 1-5, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8184-3883","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Science and Technology, The University of Osaka, Yamadaoka 1-5, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908","https://openalex.org/I4210130188"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013317917","display_name":"Hamada Rizk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-8801"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21376657","display_name":"Tanta University","ror":"https://ror.org/016jp5b92","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21376657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087938","display_name":"Tanta University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/005gf6j43","country_code":"EG","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087938"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129730","display_name":"RIKEN Center for Computational Science","ror":"https://ror.org/03r519674","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110652","https://openalex.org/I4210129730"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130188","display_name":"Museum of Japanese Art Yamato Bunkakan","ror":"https://ror.org/04cnkg888","country_code":"JP","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["EG","JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamada Rizk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, 7-1-26 Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 6500047, Japan","Department of Computer and Control Engineering, Tanta University, Gharbia, Tanta, 31733, Egypt","Information Science and Technology, The University of Osaka, Yamadaoka 1-5, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-8801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, 7-1-26 Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 6500047, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129730"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer and Control Engineering, Tanta University, Gharbia, Tanta, 31733, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21376657","https://openalex.org/I4210087938"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Science and Technology, The University of Osaka, Yamadaoka 1-5, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908","https://openalex.org/I4210130188"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084448172","display_name":"Hirozumi Yamaguchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-4876"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129730","display_name":"RIKEN Center for Computational Science","ror":"https://ror.org/03r519674","country_code":"JP","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210110652","https://openalex.org/I4210129730"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210130188","display_name":"Museum of Japanese Art Yamato Bunkakan","ror":"https://ror.org/04cnkg888","country_code":"JP","type":"archive","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210130188"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hirozumi Yamaguchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, 7-1-26 Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 6500047, Japan","Information Science and Technology, The University of Osaka, Yamadaoka 1-5, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2273-4876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Computational Science, RIKEN, 7-1-26 Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 6500047, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129730"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Science and Technology, The University of Osaka, Yamadaoka 1-5, Suita, Osaka, 5650871, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908","https://openalex.org/I4210130188"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023279673"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210130188","https://openalex.org/I98285908"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18990845,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"28","first_page":"23591","last_page":"23617"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11704","display_name":"Mobile Crowdsensing and Crowdsourcing","score":0.989799976348877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science-and-engineering","display_name":"Computational Science and Engineering","score":0.7834359407424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6907866597175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fidelity","display_name":"Fidelity","score":0.638495683670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5061966776847839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-fidelity","display_name":"High fidelity","score":0.4987316131591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43241843581199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.36077338457107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.33981266617774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1366715133190155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12607473134994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08060622215270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.06375133991241455}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68597687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362601","display_name":"Computational Science and Engineering","level":2,"score":0.7834359407424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6907866597175598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.638495683670044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5061966776847839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113364801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26674","display_name":"High fidelity","level":2,"score":0.4987316131591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43241843581199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36077338457107544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.33981266617774963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1366715133190155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12607473134994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08060622215270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.06375133991241455}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11540-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11540-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-025-11540-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:irdb.nii.ac.jp:01056:0007000917","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11094/103004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407056385","display_name":"Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184597095","host_organization_name":"National Institute of Informatics","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184597095"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11540-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11540-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-025-11540-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1427377685","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KAKENHI Grant 22K12011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5837090109","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMJBS2402","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","funder_display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6718509927","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CREST","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7116398426","display_name":"Towards The First Global Indoor Positioning System Using Geometric Modeling and Advanced Artificial Intelligence Techniques","funder_award_id":"22K12011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8159118636","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JPMJCR21M5","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","funder_display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334789","display_name":"Japan Science and Technology Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338075","display_name":"Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00097mb19"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338238","display_name":"AIP Network Laboratory","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413802433.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4413802433.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1910776219","https://openalex.org/W2051376734","https://openalex.org/W2118099695","https://openalex.org/W2143204099","https://openalex.org/W2150470808","https://openalex.org/W2157291767","https://openalex.org/W2164692160","https://openalex.org/W2166576752","https://openalex.org/W2171679232","https://openalex.org/W2207893099","https://openalex.org/W2274198861","https://openalex.org/W2517615595","https://openalex.org/W2526606216","https://openalex.org/W2564916879","https://openalex.org/W2586716774","https://openalex.org/W2604267738","https://openalex.org/W2784073566","https://openalex.org/W2791630415","https://openalex.org/W2811245964","https://openalex.org/W2892009249","https://openalex.org/W2896237406","https://openalex.org/W2897708449","https://openalex.org/W2934563761","https://openalex.org/W2963248893","https://openalex.org/W2963539531","https://openalex.org/W3021587713","https://openalex.org/W3023135330","https://openalex.org/W3039723251","https://openalex.org/W3040199298","https://openalex.org/W3047503991","https://openalex.org/W3047578710","https://openalex.org/W3084526623","https://openalex.org/W3161097911","https://openalex.org/W3185645817","https://openalex.org/W3188872815","https://openalex.org/W3200379790","https://openalex.org/W3205749498","https://openalex.org/W4214813322","https://openalex.org/W4221040136","https://openalex.org/W4285115030","https://openalex.org/W4285325845","https://openalex.org/W4309651430","https://openalex.org/W4312502098","https://openalex.org/W4313590896","https://openalex.org/W4385152001","https://openalex.org/W4385896465","https://openalex.org/W4387359831","https://openalex.org/W4388824010","https://openalex.org/W4390874814","https://openalex.org/W4391769417","https://openalex.org/W4392159278","https://openalex.org/W4392902299","https://openalex.org/W4400728534","https://openalex.org/W4404527359"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4313443006","https://openalex.org/W2945374968","https://openalex.org/W4293777179","https://openalex.org/W4385452045","https://openalex.org/W2164070813","https://openalex.org/W2135608140","https://openalex.org/W2895525995","https://openalex.org/W2332512904","https://openalex.org/W4224231624","https://openalex.org/W2319626700"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Accurate":[1],"human":[2,46,56,111],"counting":[3,47,112,216,229],"in":[4,21,51,131,142,166,188,195],"indoor":[5,110,168,228,236],"environments":[6,199],"is":[7,224,239],"essential":[8],"for":[9,235],"optimizing":[10],"people-centric":[11],"applications,":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14],"crowd":[15],"management,":[16],"disaster":[17],"response,":[18],"and":[19,26,38,75,124,159,175],"monitoring":[20],"settings":[22],"like":[23],"shopping":[24],"malls":[25],"healthcare":[27],"facilities.":[28],"Traditional":[29],"vision":[30],"approaches":[31],"face":[32],"challenges":[33],"with":[34],"poor":[35],"lighting":[36],"conditions":[37],"raise":[39],"privacy":[40],"concerns.":[41],"WiFi-based":[42],"solutions":[43],"enable":[44],"device-free":[45,109],"by":[48,55],"detecting":[49],"disruptions":[50],"wireless":[52],"signals":[53],"caused":[54],"presence.":[57],"However,":[58],"methods":[59],"using":[60,200],"received":[61],"signal":[62,132,160],"strength":[63],"indicator":[64],"are":[65,86],"unreliable":[66],"due":[67],"to":[68,89,120,135,181,205],"physical":[69],"obstructions,":[70],"multipath":[71],"fading,":[72],"radio":[73],"interference,":[74],"fluctuating":[76],"access":[77],"point":[78],"power.":[79],"While":[80],"WiFi":[81],"channel":[82],"state":[83],"information-based":[84],"systems":[85],"more":[87],"sensitive":[88],"environmental":[90],"changes,":[91],"they":[92],"lack":[93],"standardization,":[94],"limiting":[95],"their":[96],"practicality.":[97],"To":[98,220],"overcome":[99],"these":[100],"limitations,":[101],"this":[102],"paper":[103],"presents":[104],"Time4Count":[105,126,171,212,223],",":[106],"an":[107,183,214],"innovative":[108],"system":[113,154,191],"that":[114,211],"leverages":[115],"round":[116],"trip":[117],"time":[118,134],"measurements":[119],"achieve":[121],"high":[122,215],"accuracy":[123,217],"scalability.":[125],"capitalizes":[127],"on":[128],"human-induced":[129],"fluctuations":[130],"propagation":[133],"accurately":[136],"estimate":[137],"the":[138,153,225],"number":[139,185],"of":[140,186,218],"individuals":[141,187],"a":[143,147,232],"space.":[144],"By":[145],"employing":[146],"multivariate":[148],"transformer-based":[149],"feature":[150],"extraction":[151],"method,":[152],"effectively":[155],"mitigates":[156],"non-line-of-sight":[157],"errors":[158],"distortions,":[161],"ensuring":[162],"robust":[163],"performance":[164],"even":[165],"cluttered":[167,198],"environments.":[169],"Additionally,":[170],"integrates":[172],"spatial":[173],"discretization":[174],"multi-label":[176],"classification":[177],"techniques,":[178],"enabling":[179],"it":[180],"count":[182],"unlimited":[184],"real-time.":[189],"The":[190],"was":[192],"rigorously":[193],"evaluated":[194],"two":[196],"realistic,":[197],"commodity":[201],"hardware,":[202],"involving":[203],"up":[204],"15":[206],"participants.":[207],"Experimental":[208],"results":[209],"reveal":[210],"achieves":[213],"92.7%.":[219],"our":[221],"knowledge,":[222],"first":[226],"RTT-based":[227],"system,":[230],"providing":[231],"precise":[233],"solution":[234],"monitoring.":[237],"Implementation":[238],"available":[240],"at:":[241],"https://github.com/mclab-osaka/time4count":[242],".":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T06:13:01.061226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}