{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411769050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11317-z","title":"Optimizing student engagement detection using facial and behavioral features","display_name":"Optimizing student engagement detection using facial and behavioral features","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411769050","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11317-z"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11317-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11317-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-025-11317-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-025-11317-z.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025256027","display_name":"R. R. Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3426-8796"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168346926","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38","country_code":"IE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168346926"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riju Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["ADAPT SFI Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland","School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ADAPT SFI Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168346926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011772990","display_name":"Soumyabrata Dev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0153-1095"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168346926","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38","country_code":"IE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168346926"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Soumyabrata Dev","raw_affiliation_strings":["ADAPT SFI Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland","School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ADAPT SFI Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168346926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011772990"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933","https://openalex.org/I168346926"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":5.6819,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96029806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"23","first_page":"19063","last_page":"19085"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9839000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.9319999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science-and-engineering","display_name":"Computational Science and Engineering","score":0.8781576156616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6432873010635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4462168514728546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3996887803077698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.339411199092865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.33129870891571045}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68597687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362601","display_name":"Computational Science and Engineering","level":2,"score":0.8781576156616211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6432873010635376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4462168514728546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3996887803077698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.339411199092865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.33129870891571045}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11317-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11317-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-025-11317-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-025-11317-z","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-025-11317-z","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-025-11317-z.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6334448832","display_name":"ADAPT_Phase 2","funder_award_id":"13/RC/2106_P2","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","funder_display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320858","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411769050.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4411769050.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W1965947362","https://openalex.org/W2081112272","https://openalex.org/W2098597588","https://openalex.org/W2100127573","https://openalex.org/W2110068575","https://openalex.org/W2115417283","https://openalex.org/W2169570446","https://openalex.org/W2188997013","https://openalex.org/W2395639500","https://openalex.org/W2399925524","https://openalex.org/W2462985838","https://openalex.org/W2546309605","https://openalex.org/W2919890647","https://openalex.org/W2965381101","https://openalex.org/W2976895217","https://openalex.org/W3010857996","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W3173372706","https://openalex.org/W4285019164","https://openalex.org/W4285189886","https://openalex.org/W4285250231","https://openalex.org/W4295008533","https://openalex.org/W4385837363","https://openalex.org/W4388002372","https://openalex.org/W4390738632","https://openalex.org/W4391484648","https://openalex.org/W4391816876","https://openalex.org/W4392148379","https://openalex.org/W4401163672","https://openalex.org/W4405318076","https://openalex.org/W6602704705"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W2033914206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1,106],"recent":[2],"years,":[3],"computer":[4],"vision":[5],"and":[6,18,34,49,63,73,91,113,118,133,148,161,188,218],"machine":[7,103],"learning":[8,36,104,109,197],"have":[9],"achieved":[10],"remarkable":[11],"advancements":[12],"across":[13],"health":[14],"care,":[15],"autonomous":[16],"systems,":[17],"robotics":[19],"sectors.":[20],"However,":[21],"the":[22,26,126,149,181,191,202],"educational":[23,216],"domain,":[24],"particularly":[25],"automated":[27],"detection":[28],"of":[29,204],"student":[30,44,65],"engagement":[31,45,66,82,96,100,134,210],"in":[32,40,195,207],"online":[33],"offline":[35],"environments,":[37],"remains":[38],"rich":[39],"research":[41],"opportunities.":[42],"Detecting":[43],"is":[46,136],"inherently":[47],"complex":[48],"requires":[50],"sophisticated":[51],"interpretive":[52],"capabilities.":[53],"This":[54,84],"paper":[55],"introduces":[56],"a":[57,77,122],"novel":[58],"approach":[59],"to":[60,80,98,163],"automatically":[61],"detect":[62],"classify":[64],"by":[67,87],"integrating":[68,171],"facial":[69,74,129],"images":[70],"with":[71,94,178],"behavioral":[72,89,119],"features,":[75,120],"providing":[76],"comprehensive":[78],"solution":[79],"enhance":[81],"recognition.":[83],"study":[85,155],"begins":[86],"extracting":[88],"features":[90],"correlating":[92],"them":[93],"pre-defined":[95],"labels":[97,135],"perform":[99,164],"classification":[101],"using":[102,138],"techniques.":[105],"parallel,":[107],"deep":[108,196],"models":[110,187],"are":[111],"trained":[112],"validated":[114],"on":[115],"both":[116],"image":[117],"offering":[121,212],"complementary":[123],"approach.":[124],"Additionally,":[125],"relationship":[127],"between":[128],"action":[130,172],"units":[131,173],"(AUs)":[132],"analyzed":[137],"three":[139],"distinct":[140],"metrics:":[141],"conditional":[142],"activation":[143,146],"probability,":[144],"relative":[145],"ratio,":[147],"statistical":[150],"discriminant":[151],"coefficient":[152],"(SDC).":[153],"The":[154],"utilizes":[156],"publicly":[157],"available":[158],"datasets":[159],"(WACV":[160],"DAiSEE)":[162],"extensive":[165],"evaluations.":[166],"Experimental":[167],"results":[168],"demonstrate":[169],"that":[170],"significantly":[174],"enhances":[175],"model":[176],"performance,":[177],"XGBoost":[179],"achieving":[180],"highest":[182],"accuracy":[183],"(82.9%)":[184],"among":[185],"traditional":[186],"EfficientNet":[189],"reaching":[190],"best":[192],"performance":[193],"(47.2%)":[194],"experiments.":[198],"These":[199],"findings":[200],"highlight":[201],"potential":[203],"multimodal":[205],"approaches":[206],"improving":[208],"real-time":[209],"detection,":[211],"valuable":[213],"insights":[214],"into":[215],"technologies":[217],"pedagogy.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}