{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405463633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10841-8","title":"Gender bias detection on hate speech classification: an analysis at feature-level","display_name":"Gender bias detection on hate speech classification: an analysis at feature-level","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405463633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10841-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-024-10841-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10841-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-024-10841-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-024-10841-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048494060","display_name":"Francimaria R. S. Nascimento","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7683-0196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25112270","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/047908t24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francimaria R. S. Nascimento","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Inform\u00e1tica (CIn), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE),  Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-600, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Inform\u00e1tica (CIn), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE),  Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-600, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084140678","display_name":"George D. C. Cavalcanti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7714-2283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25112270","display_name":"Universidade Federal de Pernambuco","ror":"https://ror.org/047908t24","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George D. C. Cavalcanti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centro de Inform\u00e1tica (CIn), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE),  Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-600, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centro de Inform\u00e1tica (CIn), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco (UFPE),  Av. Jornalista Anibal Fernandes s/n, Recife, Pernambuco, 50740-600, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25112270"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009932042","display_name":"M\u00e1rjory Da Costa\u2010Abreu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-7570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71422933","display_name":"Sheffield Hallam University","ror":"https://ror.org/019wt1929","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marjory Da Costa-Abreu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5009932042"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.0775,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82553264,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"37","issue":"5","first_page":"3887","last_page":"3905"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7165536284446716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.6169750690460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6072240471839905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5666680335998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5631527304649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5524889826774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity","display_name":"Identity (music)","score":0.5234519839286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5077124834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-set","display_name":"Test set","score":0.46436402201652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4225958585739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3332834243774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3318939208984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.08324787020683289}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7165536284446716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.6169750690460205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6072240471839905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5666680335998535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5631527304649353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5524889826774597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.5234519839286804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5077124834060669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169903167","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Test set","level":2,"score":0.46436402201652527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4225958585739136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3332834243774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3318939208984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.08324787020683289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-024-10841-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10841-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-024-10841-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shura.shu.ac.uk:34856","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7461-7570>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401600","display_name":"SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I71422933","host_organization_name":"Sheffield Hallam University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71422933"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-024-10841-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10841-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-024-10841-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.4699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2823776494","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"88887","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3476058532","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"unknown","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3747443361","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"/2020-00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3883789297","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Code 00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3938906640","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"(CAPES)","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G47252533","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020-00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5696276328","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Finance","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6043194772","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"88887.484211/2020-00","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G692611148","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Brazil","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8837013128","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Code 0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","funder_display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405463633.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4405463633.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2181854537","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2340954483","https://openalex.org/W2473555522","https://openalex.org/W2493916176","https://openalex.org/W2540646130","https://openalex.org/W2563826943","https://openalex.org/W2595653137","https://openalex.org/W2734862619","https://openalex.org/W2785615365","https://openalex.org/W2791170418","https://openalex.org/W2810732061","https://openalex.org/W2887782043","https://openalex.org/W2896556344","https://openalex.org/W2914097099","https://openalex.org/W2920807444","https://openalex.org/W2949678053","https://openalex.org/W2950888501","https://openalex.org/W2953646920","https://openalex.org/W2954226438","https://openalex.org/W2956090150","https://openalex.org/W2962977603","https://openalex.org/W2962990575","https://openalex.org/W2963793818","https://openalex.org/W2974628855","https://openalex.org/W2979826702","https://openalex.org/W2982331408","https://openalex.org/W3010933031","https://openalex.org/W3011374462","https://openalex.org/W3011385529","https://openalex.org/W3014309243","https://openalex.org/W3015779319","https://openalex.org/W3037822982","https://openalex.org/W3043760925","https://openalex.org/W3049565363","https://openalex.org/W3092571060","https://openalex.org/W3172559340","https://openalex.org/W3175487198","https://openalex.org/W3185742298","https://openalex.org/W3188058141","https://openalex.org/W3216001489","https://openalex.org/W4210798472","https://openalex.org/W4220851215","https://openalex.org/W4221104163","https://openalex.org/W4224239657","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4290770788","https://openalex.org/W4291669770","https://openalex.org/W4307820865","https://openalex.org/W4313531555","https://openalex.org/W4317536030","https://openalex.org/W4328051875","https://openalex.org/W4367023067","https://openalex.org/W4381094159","https://openalex.org/W4385741611","https://openalex.org/W4388673040","https://openalex.org/W4399697910","https://openalex.org/W6600424091","https://openalex.org/W6601211009"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2090763504","https://openalex.org/W148178222","https://openalex.org/W2104657898","https://openalex.org/W1948992892","https://openalex.org/W1886884218","https://openalex.org/W1910826599","https://openalex.org/W2012353789","https://openalex.org/W2530420969","https://openalex.org/W2051187167","https://openalex.org/W1980100242"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Hate":[1],"speech":[2,129,214],"is":[3,131,293],"a":[4,71,147,159,217],"growing":[5],"problem":[6],"on":[7,135,179,238,245],"social":[8],"media":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,35,57,140,151,161],"the":[12,22,44,55,86,91,97,102,107,112,116,124,180,227,230,236,246,271,275,291],"larger":[13],"volume":[14],"of":[15,24,93,106,219,229],"content":[16],"being":[17],"shared.":[18],"Recent":[19],"works":[20],"demonstrated":[21],"usefulness":[23],"distinct":[25],"machine":[26],"learning":[27,47],"algorithms":[28],"combined":[29],"with":[30,43,61,70,255,270],"natural":[31],"language":[32],"processing":[33],"techniques":[34],"detect":[36],"hateful":[37],"content.":[38],"However,":[39],"when":[40,89,290],"not":[41],"constructed":[42],"necessary":[45],"care,":[46],"models":[48],"can":[49,100,234,243],"magnify":[50],"discriminatory":[51],"behaviour":[52],"and":[53,68,110,133,197,199,207,216,221,240,253,257,265,277,283],"lead":[54],"model":[56],"incorrectly":[58],"associate":[59],"comments":[60],"specific":[62,80],"identity":[63,183],"terms":[64],"(e.g.,":[65],"woman,":[66],"black,":[67],"gay)":[69],"particular":[72],"class,":[73],"such":[74],"as":[75],"hate":[76,128,213],"speech.":[77],"Moreover,":[78],"some":[79],"characteristics":[81],"should":[82],"be":[83,287],"considered":[84],"in":[85,127,260],"test":[87,98],"set":[88,99,109],"evaluating":[90],"presence":[92],"bias,":[94,262],"considering":[95,123],"that":[96,122,226],"follow":[101],"same":[103,272],"biased":[104],"distribution":[105],"training":[108],"compromise":[111],"results":[113],"obtained":[114],"by":[115],"bias":[117,126,154,164,181,223,237,269],"metrics.":[118],"This":[119],"work":[120],"argues":[121],"potential":[125],"detection":[130],"needed":[132],"focuses":[134],"developing":[136],"an":[137],"intelligent":[138],"system":[139],"address":[141],"these":[142],"limitations.":[143],"Firstly,":[144],"we":[145,157,170],"proposed":[146,281],"comprehensive,":[148],"unbiased":[149],"dataset":[150,247,282],"unintended":[152,222],"gender":[153],"evaluation.":[155],"Secondly,":[156],"propose":[158],"framework":[160],"help":[162],"analyse":[163],"from":[165],"feature":[166,174,188,231],"extraction":[167,175,189,232],"techniques.":[168],"Then,":[169],"evaluate":[171],"several":[172],"state-of-the-art":[173],"techniques,":[176,190],"specifically":[177],"focusing":[178],"towards":[182],"terms.":[184],"We":[185],"consider":[186],"six":[187,200],"including":[191],"TF,":[192],"TF-IDF,":[193],"FastText,":[194],"GloVe,":[195],"BERT,":[196],"RoBERTa,":[198],"classifiers,":[201],"LR,":[202],"DT,":[203],"SVM,":[204],"XGB,":[205],"MLP,":[206],"RF.":[208],"The":[209,280],"experimental":[210],"study":[211],"across":[212],"datasets":[215],"range":[218],"classification":[220],"metrics":[224],"demonstrates":[225],"choice":[228],"technique":[233],"impact":[235],"predictions,":[239],"its":[241],"effectiveness":[242],"depend":[244],"analysed.":[248],"For":[249],"instance,":[250],"combining":[251],"TF":[252],"TF-IDF":[254],"DT":[256],"MLP":[258],"resulted":[259],"higher":[261],"while":[263],"BERT":[264],"RoBERTa":[266],"showed":[267],"lower":[268],"classifier":[273],"for":[274],"HE":[276],"WH":[278],"datasets.":[279],"source":[284],"code":[285],"will":[286],"publicly":[288],"available":[289],"paper":[292],"published.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-13T14:20:09.374765","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}