{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401299188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10164-8","title":"Explainable multi-layer COSFIRE filters robust to corruptions and boundary attack with application to retina and palmprint biometrics","display_name":"Explainable multi-layer COSFIRE filters robust to corruptions and boundary attack with application to retina and palmprint biometrics","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401299188","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10164-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-024-10164-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10164-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10164-8","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004643001","display_name":"Adrian Apap","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197854408","display_name":"University of Malta","ror":"https://ror.org/03a62bv60","country_code":"MT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}],"countries":["MT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Apap","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Malta, Msida, Malta"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, University of Malta, Msida, Malta","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197854408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057596536","display_name":"Amey Bhole","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3549-7750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amey Bhole","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Group, Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science, and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Group, Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science, and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014935641","display_name":"Laura Fern\u00e1ndez-Robles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6573-8477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8833935","display_name":"Universidad de Le\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/02tzt0b78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8833935"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Fern\u00e1ndez-Robles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Informatics and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Spain, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, Le\u00f3n, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Informatics and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Spain, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, Le\u00f3n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8833935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007689548","display_name":"Manuel Castej\u00f3n\u2010Limas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5152-4555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8833935","display_name":"Universidad de Le\u00f3n","ror":"https://ror.org/02tzt0b78","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8833935"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Castej\u00f3n-Limas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical, Informatics and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Spain, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, Le\u00f3n, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical, Informatics and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad de Le\u00f3n, Spain, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071, Le\u00f3n, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8833935"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027326994","display_name":"George Azzopardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6552-2596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","display_name":"University of Groningen","ror":"https://ror.org/012p63287","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"George Azzopardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Systems Group, Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science, and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6552-2596","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Systems Group, Bernoulli Institute for Mathematics, Computer Science, and Artificial Intelligence, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 9, 9747AG, Groningen, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027326994"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"apc_list":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2990,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2990},"fwci":0.6364,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64214081,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9819999933242798,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.8566528558731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science-and-engineering","display_name":"Computational Science and Engineering","score":0.6947321891784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6282539367675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retina","display_name":"Retina","score":0.5565261840820312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/palm-print","display_name":"Palm print","score":0.4421956241130829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.41994157433509827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.41928917169570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4030413031578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.32920005917549133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19042626023292542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.11650970578193665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.0929570198059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.0795198380947113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.07433190941810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.05738535523414612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.8566528558731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68597687","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362601","display_name":"Computational Science and Engineering","level":2,"score":0.6947321891784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6282539367675781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777093970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169342","display_name":"Retina","level":2,"score":0.5565261840820312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777503689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7128108","display_name":"Palm print","level":3,"score":0.4421956241130829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.41994157433509827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.41928917169570923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4030413031578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.32920005917549133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19042626023292542},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.11650970578193665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0929570198059082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0795198380947113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.07433190941810608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.05738535523414612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-024-10164-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10164-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:openaire/765b9ba4-abcd-4630-94cd-3b459fed7930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.rug.nl/en/publications/765b9ba4-abcd-4630-94cd-3b459fed7930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Apap, A, Bhole, A, Fern\u00e1ndez-Robles, L, Castej\u00f3n-Limas, M & Azzopardi, G 2024, 'Explainable multi-layer COSFIRE filters robust to corruptions and boundary attack with application to retina and palmprint biometrics', Neural Computing and Applications, vol. 36, pp. 19231\u201319245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10164-8","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:buleria.unileon.es:10612/22861","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00521-024-10164-8","pdf_url":"https://buleria.unileon.es/bitstream/10612/22861/1/Explainable_Multi-layer_COSFIRE_Filters_Robust.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401642","display_name":"Buleria (Universidad de Le\u00f3n)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169046204","host_organization_name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169046204"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.rug.nl:publications/765b9ba4-abcd-4630-94cd-3b459fed7930","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11370/765b9ba4-abcd-4630-94cd-3b459fed7930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400420","display_name":"University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I169381384","host_organization_name":"University of Groningen","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169381384"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Apap, A, Bhole, A, Fern\u00e1ndez-Robles, L, Castej\u00f3n-Limas, M & Azzopardi, G 2024, 'Explainable multi-layer COSFIRE filters robust to corruptions and boundary attack with application to retina and palmprint biometrics', Neural Computing and Applications, vol. 36, pp. 19231\u201319245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10164-8","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-024-10164-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-10164-8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8199999928474426,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":95,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1162253458","https://openalex.org/W1413778154","https://openalex.org/W1608718905","https://openalex.org/W1777366511","https://openalex.org/W1974900975","https://openalex.org/W1975040805","https://openalex.org/W1997201895","https://openalex.org/W2004169362","https://openalex.org/W2010380423","https://openalex.org/W2010908103","https://openalex.org/W2011268029","https://openalex.org/W2023430855","https://openalex.org/W2035875937","https://openalex.org/W2045577847","https://openalex.org/W2049076239","https://openalex.org/W2059652177","https://openalex.org/W2063424920","https://openalex.org/W2103302826","https://openalex.org/W2109037308","https://openalex.org/W2114214092","https://openalex.org/W2126386631","https://openalex.org/W2132467081","https://openalex.org/W2139208958","https://openalex.org/W2145947562","https://openalex.org/W2151607996","https://openalex.org/W2156273918","https://openalex.org/W2159171257","https://openalex.org/W2160776381","https://openalex.org/W2171105099","https://openalex.org/W2189391618","https://openalex.org/W2265356345","https://openalex.org/W2293605132","https://openalex.org/W2332917083","https://openalex.org/W2383346883","https://openalex.org/W2463610651","https://openalex.org/W2468064467","https://openalex.org/W2512148493","https://openalex.org/W2512703750","https://openalex.org/W2523612729","https://openalex.org/W2532559192","https://openalex.org/W2534132881","https://openalex.org/W2547125466","https://openalex.org/W2588520552","https://openalex.org/W2597845860","https://openalex.org/W2606063865","https://openalex.org/W2608875480","https://openalex.org/W2615293002","https://openalex.org/W2621462870","https://openalex.org/W2754001896","https://openalex.org/W2760126305","https://openalex.org/W2765502900","https://openalex.org/W2766776798","https://openalex.org/W2774791631","https://openalex.org/W2782343692","https://openalex.org/W2783507708","https://openalex.org/W2789377834","https://openalex.org/W2793496328","https://openalex.org/W2796310778","https://openalex.org/W2803380720","https://openalex.org/W2806424800","https://openalex.org/W2809144587","https://openalex.org/W2884208040","https://openalex.org/W2886164063","https://openalex.org/W2888620059","https://openalex.org/W2892064351","https://openalex.org/W2898424867","https://openalex.org/W2898978534","https://openalex.org/W2899791071","https://openalex.org/W2901541688","https://openalex.org/W2903161096","https://openalex.org/W2911153961","https://openalex.org/W2913845656","https://openalex.org/W2963652609","https://openalex.org/W3013520104","https://openalex.org/W3046331229","https://openalex.org/W3084376957","https://openalex.org/W3105842011","https://openalex.org/W3155737436","https://openalex.org/W3171579381","https://openalex.org/W3200113267","https://openalex.org/W3210088128","https://openalex.org/W4220662062","https://openalex.org/W4243097765","https://openalex.org/W4292875584","https://openalex.org/W4293068952","https://openalex.org/W4306682594","https://openalex.org/W4317542704","https://openalex.org/W4327568732","https://openalex.org/W4361204230","https://openalex.org/W4378470657","https://openalex.org/W4381250942","https://openalex.org/W4381852632","https://openalex.org/W4390872342","https://openalex.org/W4393130757","https://openalex.org/W6765940776"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898228808","https://openalex.org/W4241479212","https://openalex.org/W2144679583","https://openalex.org/W2789196996","https://openalex.org/W1578203750","https://openalex.org/W4399753609","https://openalex.org/W2176487606","https://openalex.org/W1226648629","https://openalex.org/W2078165555","https://openalex.org/W2266726650"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"We":[1],"propose":[2],"a":[3,39,77,85,97,167,205],"novel":[4],"and":[5,21,50,55,62,120,148,152,166,189,210,271,282],"versatile":[6],"computational":[7],"approach,":[8,143],"based":[9],"on":[10,145],"hierarchical":[11,248],"COSFIRE":[12,43,65,86,118,134,249,277],"filters,":[13],"that":[14,31,70,88,128,136,256],"addresses":[15],"the":[16,92,125,133,138,146,153,171,245,258,274],"challenge":[17],"of":[18,96,99,103,260,264,276],"explainable":[19,287],"retina":[20,105,150,164],"palmprint":[22,107,155,172],"recognition":[23],"for":[24,47,91,163,170],"automatic":[25],"person":[26],"identification.":[27],"Unlike":[28],"traditional":[29],"systems":[30],"treat":[32],"these":[33],"biometrics":[34],"separately,":[35],"our":[36],"method":[37],"offers":[38],"unified":[40],"solution,":[41],"leveraging":[42],"filters\u2019":[44],"trainable":[45],"nature":[46],"enhanced":[48],"selectivity":[49,72,275],"robustness,":[51],"while":[52,202],"exhibiting":[53],"explainability":[54],"resilience":[56],"to":[57,131,212,220,253],"decision-based":[58,206],"black-box":[59,207],"adversarial":[60,208,214,223],"attack":[61,209],"partial":[63,178],"matching.":[64],"filters":[66,119,250,278],"are":[67,251],"trainable,":[68],"in":[69,177,241],"their":[71],"can":[73,234],"be":[74,235],"determined":[75],"with":[76,124,185,192,197,225],"one-shot":[78],"learning":[79],"step.":[80],"In":[81,243],"practice,":[82],"we":[83],"configure":[84,132],"filter":[87,135],"is":[89,113,122,217,279],"selective":[90],"mutual":[93],"spatial":[94,262],"arrangement":[95],"set":[98],"automatically":[100],"selected":[101],"keypoints":[102],"each":[104],"or":[106],"reference":[108,126],"image.":[109],"A":[110],"query":[111],"image":[112,127,187],"then":[114],"processed":[115],"by":[116],"all":[117],"it":[121,216],"classified":[123],"was":[129],"used":[130],"gives":[137],"strongest":[139],"similarity":[140],"score.":[141],"Our":[142],"tested":[144],"VARIA":[147],"RIDB":[149],"datasets":[151,165],"IITD":[154],"dataset,":[156],"achieved":[157],"state-of-the-art":[158],"results,":[159],"including":[160],"perfect":[161],"classification":[162],"97.54%":[168],"accuracy":[169,184],"dataset.":[173],"It":[174],"proved":[175],"robust":[176],"matching":[179],"tests,":[180],"achieving":[181],"over":[182,190],"94%":[183],"80%":[186],"visibility":[188],"97%":[191],"90%":[193],"visibility,":[194],"demonstrating":[195],"effectiveness":[196],"incomplete":[198],"biometric":[199],"data.":[200],"Furthermore,":[201],"effectively":[203],"resisting":[204],"impervious":[211],"imperceptible":[213],"images,":[215],"only":[218],"susceptible":[219],"highly":[221,280],"perceptible":[222],"images":[224],"severe":[226],"noise,":[227],"which":[228],"pose":[229],"minimal":[230],"concern":[231],"as":[232,269],"they":[233,284],"easily":[236],"detected":[237],"through":[238],"histogram":[239],"analysis":[240],"preprocessing.":[242],"principle,":[244],"proposed":[246],"learning-free":[247],"applicable":[252],"any":[254],"application":[255],"requires":[257],"identification":[259],"certain":[261],"arrangements":[263],"moderately":[265],"complex":[266],"features,":[267],"such":[268],"bifurcations":[270],"crossovers.":[272],"Moreover,":[273],"intuitive;":[281],"therefore,":[283],"provide":[285],"an":[286],"solution.":[288]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
