{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392633797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-09587-0","title":"Evaluating the quality of visual explanations on chest X-ray images for thorax diseases classification","display_name":"Evaluating the quality of visual explanations on chest X-ray images for thorax diseases classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392633797","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-09587-0"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-024-09587-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-09587-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-024-09587-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-024-09587-0.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089050301","display_name":"Shakiba Rahimiaghdam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6081-1727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shakiba Rahimiaghdam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6081-1727","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068370976","display_name":"Hande Alemdar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1397-2146"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","display_name":"Middle East Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12","country_code":"TR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}],"countries":["TR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hande Alemdar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800, Ankara, Turkey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5089050301"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"apc_list":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"apc_paid":{"value":2390,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2990},"fwci":1.5463,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84565639,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"17","first_page":"10239","last_page":"10255"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8171018958091736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.8148274421691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.610587477684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5977869629859924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5598463416099548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5560827255249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.42722123861312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.42382803559303284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.373604416847229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33443427085876465}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8171018958091736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.8148274421691895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.610587477684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5977869629859924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5598463416099548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5560827255249023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.42722123861312866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.42382803559303284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.373604416847229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33443427085876465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-024-09587-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-09587-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-024-09587-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:https://open.metu.edu.tr:11511/109008","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511/109008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402495","display_name":"OpenMETU (Middle East Technical University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I201799495","host_organization_name":"Middle East Technical University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201799495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s00521-024-09587-0","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-024-09587-0","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00521-024-09587-0.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147897268","display_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","issn_l":"0941-0643","issn":["0941-0643","1433-3058"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Neural Computing and Applications","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322421","display_name":"Orta Do\u011fu Teknik \u00dcniversitesi","ror":"https://ror.org/014weej12"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4392633797.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508404128","https://openalex.org/W1849277567","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1999478155","https://openalex.org/W2026430219","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2776207810","https://openalex.org/W2891756914","https://openalex.org/W2902255491","https://openalex.org/W2953914369","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963466845","https://openalex.org/W2963503775","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W3000716014","https://openalex.org/W3010219363","https://openalex.org/W3013915828","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3040989605","https://openalex.org/W3087000505","https://openalex.org/W3100981678","https://openalex.org/W3115094144","https://openalex.org/W3135017442","https://openalex.org/W3136021864","https://openalex.org/W3156228749","https://openalex.org/W3167054736","https://openalex.org/W3171467315","https://openalex.org/W3177112732","https://openalex.org/W3183198896","https://openalex.org/W3198525581","https://openalex.org/W3209181060","https://openalex.org/W4205332171","https://openalex.org/W4206997729","https://openalex.org/W4288083797","https://openalex.org/W4309355882","https://openalex.org/W4317528895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4388685194","https://openalex.org/W1986582023","https://openalex.org/W2966829450"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Deep":[1],"learning":[2],"models":[3,31],"are":[4],"extensively":[5],"used":[6],"but":[7],"often":[8],"lack":[9],"transparency":[10],"due":[11],"to":[12,28,158,173],"their":[13],"complex":[14],"internal":[15],"mechanics.":[16],"To":[17],"bridge":[18],"this":[19,106],"gap,":[20],"the":[21,41,69,74,113,133,164,174,186,199,210,235],"field":[22],"of":[23,43,77,116,178,209,237],"explainable":[24],"AI":[25],"(XAI)":[26],"strives":[27],"make":[29],"these":[30,67,214],"more":[32],"interpretable.":[33],"However,":[34],"a":[35,109,182],"significant":[36],"obstacle":[37],"in":[38,61,80,91,125,145,242],"XAI":[39],"is":[40],"absence":[42],"quantifiable":[44],"metrics":[45],"for":[46,112,148,168],"evaluating":[47],"explanation":[48,170],"quality.":[49,171],"Existing":[50],"techniques,":[51],"reliant":[52],"on":[53,185,205],"manual":[54],"assessment":[55,76,115,240],"or":[56],"inadequate":[57],"metrics,":[58,140,215],"face":[59],"limitations":[60],"scalability,":[62],"reproducibility,":[63],"and":[64,89,104,151,226],"trustworthiness.":[65],"Recognizing":[66],"issues,":[68],"current":[70],"study":[71,131],"specifically":[72],"addresses":[73],"quality":[75],"visual":[78,169],"explanations":[79,192],"medical":[81],"imaging,":[82],"where":[83],"interpretability":[84],"profoundly":[85],"influences":[86],"diagnostic":[87],"accuracy":[88],"trust":[90],"AI-assisted":[92],"decisions.":[93,201],"Introducing":[94],"novel":[95],"criteria":[96,123],"such":[97],"as":[98,163],"informativeness,":[99],"localization,":[100],"coverage,":[101],"multi-target":[102],"capturing,":[103],"proportionality,":[105],"work":[107],"presents":[108],"comprehensive":[110],"method":[111],"objective":[114,239],"various":[117,231],"explainability":[118],"algorithms.":[119],"These":[120],"newly":[121],"introduced":[122],"aid":[124],"identifying":[126],"optimal":[127],"evaluation":[128],"metrics.":[129],"The":[130,219],"expands":[132],"domain\u2019s":[134],"analytical":[135],"toolkit":[136],"by":[137],"examining":[138],"existing":[139],"which":[141],"have":[142],"been":[143],"prevalent":[144],"recent":[146],"works":[147],"similar":[149],"applications,":[150],"proposing":[152],"new":[153],"ones.":[154],"Rigorous":[155],"analysis":[156,204,222],"led":[157],"selecting":[159],"Jensen\u2013Shannon":[160],"divergence":[161],"(JS_DIV)":[162],"most":[165],"effective":[166],"metric":[167,241],"Applied":[172],"multi-label,":[175],"multi-class":[176],"diagnosis":[177],"thoracic":[179],"diseases":[180],"using":[181],"trained":[183],"classifier":[184],"CheXpert":[187],"dataset,":[188],"local":[189],"interpretable":[190],"model-agnostic":[191],"(LIME)":[193],"with":[194],"diverse":[195],"segmentation":[196,232],"strategies":[197],"interpret":[198],"classifier\u2019s":[200],"A":[202],"qualitative":[203],"an":[206,238],"unseen":[207],"subset":[208],"VinDr-CXR":[211],"dataset":[212],"evaluates":[213],"confirming":[216],"JS_DIV\u2019s":[217],"superiority.":[218],"subsequent":[220],"quantitative":[221],"optimizes":[223],"LIME\u2019s":[224],"hyper-parameters":[225],"benchmarks":[227],"its":[228],"performance":[229],"across":[230],"algorithms,":[233],"underscoring":[234],"utility":[236],"practical":[243],"applications.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-04T09:04:59.091469","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}